Nasal and Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels in Symptomatic Allergic Rhinitis Patients: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa triggered by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated response to exposure to allergens. The most common symptoms are nasal obstruction, sneezing, runny nose and these in addition to swollen, itchy, red and watery eyes. Recent studies have shown highly elevated immunoglobulin E levels in the airway mucosa independently of serum IgE levels and atopic status. Nasal mucosa has intrinsic capability to produce IgE in allergic rhinitis. The study was conducted to explore the levels of nasal total IgE and serum total IgE and their correlation in symptomatic AR patients. This was a case control-study and two groups participated in the study. The first group included 203 symptomatic patients who were diagnosed in the otorhinolaryngology clinic as cases of AR, known as AR group. The second group was control group and included 203 apparently healthy volunteers without any history suggestive of AR. The associated risk factors for severe allergic symptoms were assessed by logistic regression model. The mean differences between nasal total IgE and serum total IgE levels of both groups were compared by t-test. A correlation was investigated between nasal IgE and serum IgE in both the groups. The mean level of nasal total IgE and serum total IgE was found to be 103.9 and 291.4 IU/ml in AR group, respectively, and 17.5 and 67.5 IU/ml in the control group, respectively. Levels of nasal total IgE and serum total IgE were significantly higher in the nasal fluids and serum of symptomatic allergic rhinitis patients than in controls (p < 0.001 and < 0.001 respectively). A logistic regression model showed severity of allergic rhinitis was significantly associated with nasal total IgE levels. The correlation of nasal total IgE levels with serum total IgE levels in the control group was found to be statistically insignificant. However a statistically positive correlation was observed between nasal total IgE and serum total IgE levels in the AR group. It is possible that nasal IgE and serum IgE interact in the pathogenesis of AR and this is evident in the current study. Nasal IgE levels should be evaluated in severe symptomatic allergic rhinitis patients. The interaction between nasal IgE to serum IgE levels should be further investigated in AR patients for other possible prevalent endotypes of AR.

Keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Allergy; Atopy; IgE; Immunoglobulin E; Inflammatory markers.

Fig. 1

Serum IgE and nasal IgE levels in Control group and AR group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Independent samples t-test was used for statistical comparison between both groups. P < 0.001 represents a difference of statistical significance between control and AR groups for both serum IgE and nasal IgE levels

Fig. 2

Correlation between Nasal IgE and Serum IgE levels in Control group. Statistically non-significant correlation (p > 0.05) with Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.152) is shown in the control group

Fig. 3

Correlation between Nasal IgE and Serum IgE levels in AR group. Statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) with Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.385) is shown in the AR group