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. 2024 Mar 9;14(1):5798.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56275-z.

Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity

Moloud Alinaghi  1 , Pooneh Mokarram  2 , Mazaher Ahmadi  3 , Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati  1
Affiliations

Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity

Moloud Alinaghi et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard.

Keywords: Anticancer; Ginseng; Green syntheses; Palladium nanoparticles; Platinum nanoparticles; Rosemary.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
DLS analysis for 7 NPs (A) and 10 NPs (B).
Figure 2
Figure 2
FT-IR spectra of Rosemary extract and 7 NPs (A), Ginseng extract and 10 NPs (B). In both pictures the upper spectrum is related to plant extract and the lower spectrum is NPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
XRD patterns of 7 NPs (A) and 10 NPs (B).
Figure 4
Figure 4
SEM image of nanoparticle 7 (A,B) and nanoparticle 10 (C,D).
Figure 5
Figure 5
EDX elemental mapping of nanoparticle 7 (A) and nanoparticle 10 (B).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The TEM images of nanoparticle 7 (A) and nanoparticle 10 (B).
Figure 7
Figure 7
IC50 values for NPs 7 and 10, in cytotoxicity assay with colon cancer cell lines: SW480 (A) and LS180 (B).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Comparison of the relative mRNA expression levels of Belin-1 (A), LC3 (B), and P62 (C) of LS180 cells. The mRNA expression levels of the corresponding genes were determined by q RT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH expression levels in 24 and 48 h for 7 NPs and 10 NPs.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Comparison of the relative mRNA expression levels of Belin-1 (A), LC3 (B), and P62 (C) of SW480 cells. The mRNA expression levels of the corresponding genes were determined by q RT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH expression levels in 24 and 48 h for 7 NPs and 10 NPs.
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