A detailed review of pharmacology of MFN1 (mitofusion-1)-mediated mitochondrial dynamics: Implications for cellular health and diseases

Abstract

The mitochondria are responsible for the production of cellular ATP, the regulation of cytosolic calcium levels, and the organization of numerous apoptotic proteins through the release of cofactors necessary for the activation of caspases. This level of functional adaptability can only be attained by sophisticated structural alignment. The morphology of the mitochondria does not remain unchanged throughout time; rather, it undergoes change as a result of processes known as fusion and fission. Fzo in flies, Fzo1 in yeast, and mitofusins in mammals are responsible for managing the outer mitochondrial membrane fusion process, whereas Mgm1 in yeast and optic atrophy 1 in mammals are responsible for managing the inner mitochondrial membrane fusion process. The fusion process is composed of two phases. MFN1, a GTPase that is located on the outer membrane of the mitochondria, is involved in the process of linking nearby mitochondria, maintaining the potential of the mitochondrial membrane, and apoptosis. This article offers specific information regarding the functions of MFN1 in a variety of cells and organs found in living creatures. According to the findings of the literature review, MFN1 plays an important part in a number of diseases and organ systems; nevertheless, the protein's function in other disease models and cell types has to be investigated in the near future so that it can be chosen as a promising marker for the therapeutic and diagnostic potentials it possesses. Overall, the major findings of this review highlight the pivotal role of mitofusin (MFN1) in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and its implications across various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndromes. Our review identifies novel therapeutic targets within the MFN1 signaling pathways and underscores the potential of MFN1 modulation as a promising strategy for treating mitochondrial-related diseases. Additionally, the review calls for further research into MFN1's molecular mechanisms to unlock new avenues for clinical interventions, emphasizing the need for targeted therapies that address MFN1 dysfunction.

Keywords: Apoptosis; MFN1; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial energetics; Mitochondrial fusion; Mitochondrial membrane potential.

Fig. 1

Structure of MFN1, G domain means GTPase domain; T means transmembrane region; HR1 and HR2 mean (Heptad repeat region1 and 2).

Fig. 2

Effect of MFN1 on the cardiovascular system.

Fig. 3

Effect of MFN1 on diabetes, reproduction and respiratory system.

Fig. 4

Miscellaneous effects of MFN1.