Functional Tic-Like Behaviors: A Common Comorbidity in Patients with Tourette Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Comorbid functional tic-like behaviors (FTB) have been described only rarely in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS).

Objectives: We present the first large sample of patients suffering from TS and FTB to raise awareness of this clinical presentation and to guide how to differentiate one from the other.

Methods: We analyzed clinical data of 71 patients (n = 27 [38.0%] female, mean age: 21.5, range: 11-55) with TS + FTB.

Results: In the majority of patients, FTB started abruptly on average 15 years after tic onset with "treatment-resistant" complex movements and ("coprophenomena-like") vocalizations preceded by timely related psychological stressors. Psychological evaluation revealed evidence for internal conflicts (79%), emotional dysregulation (56%), and maintaining factors (70%). About one third of patients had a positive history for further medically unexplained symptoms. Compared to a large TS sample (n = 1032), patients with TS + FTB were more likely to be female, and presented significantly more common with "coprophenomena-like" symptoms, atypical influential factors, atypical descriptions of premonitory sensations, and higher rates of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and "self-injurious" behavior.

Conclusions: Based on our data it can be assumed that FTB is a common comorbidity in TS, similar to functional overlay in other movement disorders and epilepsy. Before classifying a patient as suffering from treatment-resistant TS, FTB should be ruled out.

Keywords: comorbidities; coprophenomena; functional tic-like behaviors; tics; tourette syndrome.