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. 2024 Feb 24;13(5):693.
doi: 10.3390/foods13050693.

The Behavior of Phenolic Compounds from Apples during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion with Focus on Chlorogenic Acid

Lidija Jakobek  1 , Kristina Pöc  1 , Matea Valenteković  1 , Petra Matić  1
Affiliations

The Behavior of Phenolic Compounds from Apples during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion with Focus on Chlorogenic Acid

Lidija Jakobek et al. Foods. .

Abstract

The fate of phenolic compounds during digestion is important for their bioactive effects in the digestive tract. The aim was to study the various phenolic compounds occurring in the peel and flesh of apples in in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, focusing on the behavior of chlorogenic acids. Additionally, the behavior of individual chlorogenic acids (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and cryptochlorogenic) was studied in models of simulated salivary, gastric, and intestinal fluid electrolyte solutions (SSF, SGF, SIF). At the end of the intestinal phase of the digestion of peel and flesh, the amount of recovered dihydrochalcones and flavonols increased or was similar to the amount in the gastric phase, which showed their stability. Anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols decreased, which suggests their biotransformation. Chlorogenic acid isomerized into neochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acid: chlorogenic acid from the peel into 22% and 41% of the isomers in the salivary and intestinal phases, respectively; chlorogenic acid from the flesh into 12% of the isomers in the intestinal phase. Similarly, chlorogenic acid isomerized in model solutions (20% and 26% of the isomers in SSF and SIF, respectively). Neochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acid isomerized in SSF and SIF into other two forms. They were all stable in SGF. For bioactive effects in the digestive tract, the biotransformation of chlorogenic acids should be considered.

Keywords: bioaccessibility; bioeffects; cryptochlorogenic acid; digestive tract; neochlorogenic acid.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentage distribution of phenolic classes from peel and flesh before the digestion and after simulated digestion. Percentages are calculated according to the total amount of phenolic compounds.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Recovery of phenolic classes from peel and flesh after oral, gastric, and intestinal phases of digestion. The values with different letters are significantly different according to the post-hoc Tukey test (p < 0.05), with letters a to b ordered from highest to lowest.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Percentages of neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, and cryptochlorogenic acid before digestion, and in the three phases of the digestion. Percentages are calculated as percentages of the amount found at the end of a specific digestion phase (mg/kg fresh weight fw) according to the total amount before digestion (mg/kg fresh weight fw).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The isomerization of chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and cryptochlorogenic acid in simulated salivary fluid (SSF) electrolyte solution, simulated gastric fluid (SGF) electrolyte solution, and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) electrolyte solution, after a 4 h incubation at 37 °C.
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