Liquid Biopsy: A Game Changer for Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

As the burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to escalate globally, there is a growing need for novel, less-invasive biomarkers capable of early diabetes detection and monitoring of disease progression. Liquid biopsy, recognized for its minimally invasive nature, is increasingly being applied beyond oncology, and nevertheless shows its potential when the collection of the tissue biopsy is not possible. This diagnostic approach involves utilizing liquid biopsy markers such as cell-free nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, and diverse metabolites for the molecular diagnosis of T2D and its related complications. In this context, we thoroughly examine recent developments in T2D liquid biopsy research. Additionally, we discuss the primary challenges and future prospects of employing liquid biopsy in the management of T2D. Prognosis, diagnosis and monitoring of T2D through liquid biopsy could be a game-changing technique for personalized diabetes management.

Keywords: exosomes; liquid biopsy; miRNA; molecular diagnostic; type 2 diabetes.

Figure 1

Liquid biopsy markers in T2D. Liquid biopsies encompass a diverse range of clinically informative elements. Blood samples can undergo analysis for metabolites, exosomes, and cell-free nucleic acids, each offering valuable numerical and molecular insights. Employment of liquid biopsy in T2D patients can provide valuable insight regarding T2D complications, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer risk. Figure created using biorender.com.

Figure 2

Diagram illustrating the processes involved in the generation of microvesicles, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies.