When the Embryo Meets the Endometrium: Identifying the Features Required for Successful Embryo Implantation

Abstract

Evaluation of the optimal number of embryos, their quality, and the precise timing for transfer are critical determinants in reproductive success, although still remaining one of the main challenges in assisted reproduction technologies (ART). Indeed, the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments relies on a multitude of events and factors involving both the endometrium and the embryo. Despite concerted efforts on both fronts, the overall success rates of IVF techniques continue to range between 25% and 30%. The role of the endometrium in implantation has been recently recognized, leading to the hypothesis that both the "soil" and the "seed" play a central role in a successful pregnancy. In this respect, identification of the molecular signature of endometrial receptivity together with the selection of the best embryo for transfer become crucial in ART. Currently, efforts have been made to develop accurate, predictive, and personalized tests to identify the window of implantation and the best quality embryo. However, the value of these tests is still debated, as conflicting results are reported in the literature. The purpose of this review is to summarize and critically report the available criteria to optimize the success of embryo transfer and to better understand current limitations and potential areas for improvement.

Keywords: AI; ART; IVF; blastocyst; embryo; endometrial receptivity; extracellular vesicles; implantation; secretome; transcriptomic signature.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the morphological and molecular criteria used to improve the chances of successful embryo implantation. AI should be applied to integrate all data related to the embryo and endometrium in order to increase the efficiency of ART.

Figure 2

Schematic summary of possible applications of AI in ART.