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. 2024 Feb 20;29(5):927.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29050927.

Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of Chrysanthemum indicum L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping

Rei Uranishi  1 , Raju Aedla  2   3 , Doaa H M Alsaadi  1 , Dongxing Wang  1 , Ken Kusakari  1 , Hirotaka Osaki  1 , Koji Sugimura  1   3 , Takashi Watanabe  1   3
Affiliations

Evaluation of Environmental Factor Effects on the Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of Chrysanthemum indicum L. and Its Habitat Suitability Prediction Mapping

Rei Uranishi et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The leaves of Chrysanthemum indicum L. are known to have various bioactive compounds; however, industrial use is extremely limited. To overcome this situation by producing high-quality leaves with high bioactive content, this study examined the environmental factors affecting the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity using C. indicum leaves collected from 22 sites in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in the dry leaves ranged between 15.0 and 64.1 (mg gallic acid g-1) and 2.3 and 11.4 (mg quercetin g-1), while the antioxidant activity (EC50) of the 50% ethanol extracts ranged between 28.0 and 123.2 (µg mL-1) in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Among the identified compounds, chlorogenic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were the main constituents in C. indicum leaves. The antioxidant activity demonstrated a positive correlation with 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R2 = 0.62) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (R2 = 0.77). The content of chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers varied significantly according to the effects of exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, annual temperature, and precipitation, based on analysis of variance. The habitat suitability map using the geographical information system and the MaxEnt model predicted very high and high regions, comprising 3.2% and 10.1% of the total area, respectively. These findings could be used in future cultivation to produce high-quality leaves of C. indicum.

Keywords: 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid; 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid; Chrysanthemum indicum; MaxEnt; antioxidant; chlorogenic acid; geographic information system.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Linear relationship between relative strength of DPPH radical scavenging (1/EC50) and the total phenolic and flavonoid content.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Typical HPLC chromatogram of 50% ethanol extract of C. indicum leaves showing peaks of chlorogenic acid (1), 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (2), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), acacetin 7-O-glucoside (5), acacetin 7-O-malonylglucoside (6), and acacetin (7).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phenolic content of chlorogenic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in the collected leaves.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Flavonoid content of acacetin and its glucoside in the collected leaves.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relationship between relative strength of DPPH radical scavenging (1/EC50) and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers (1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Habitat suitability map of C. indicum using MaxEnt model.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Percentages of habitat suitability classes.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve with AUC value of C. indicum habitat for MaxEnt model.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Location map of the study area with the 22 collected plant samples. Kochi Prefecture of Japan shown on ALOS PALSAR 90 M DEM satellite image (https://search.asf.alaska.edu/#/ (accessed on 17 July 2022)).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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