One-Year Changes in Bioelectrical Impedance Data in Adolescent Athletes

Abstract

Raw bioelectrical impedance (BI) data and vector analysis (BIVA) have been used to evaluate fat-free mass (FFM) cross-sectionally in adolescent athletes; however, there have been no longitudinal studies about it. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of changes in raw BI data (resistance [R], reactance [Xc], and phase angle [PhA]), BIVA, and FFM in adolescent athletes (n = 137, 40% female). BI data were collected using a single-frequency device at baseline and after one year of sports practice. Baseline chronological age categorized the participants (11, 12, or 13 years [y]). In females, Xc/H increased (13 to 14 y, p = 0.04) while R/H decreased in all age groups (p = 0.001). PhA (11 to 12 y, p = 0.048) and FFM (11 to 12 y and 12 to 13 y groups p = 0.001) increased and showed the lowest magnitude of changes in the 13 to 14 y group (p = 0.05). In males, Xc/H decreased (11 to 12 and 12 to 13 y groups, p = 0.001) with a higher magnitude of changes in the 13 to 14 y group (p = 0.004); R/H decreased (p = 0.001); FFM increased in all groups (p = 0.001); however, no magnitude of changes was observed. PhA increased in the 13 to 14 y group (p = 0.004). BIVA showed no differences among ellipse distances in females. In males, a high distance was observed in the 11 to 12 y group. "Time interval" influenced PhA and Xc/H in the female group and R/H and Xc/H in the male group. "Initial age" and "time interval" influenced the increase in PhA in the male group. Raw BI data and BIVA patterns can detect the magnitude of the changes in a sex-dependent manner.

Keywords: adolescents; athletes; bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Figure 1

Theoretical BIVA model resistance [R] and reactance [Xc] changes (delta [d]), normalized by the height (H, meter) (A). Paired confidence ellipses of classic BIVA in female (B) and male (C) adolescents according to age groups after one year. The differences between the mean impedance vectors in the different age groups of female and male adolescents were determined using the Hotteling T² test. The distances [D] between ellipses were calculated using the Mahalanobis test, which is a descriptive statistic that provides a relative measurement of data point distances (residual) between vectors. The p-value [P] considers the distance to the graph’s origin (dXc/H = dR/H = 0). Significant values indicate changes in bioelectrical data and correlated body composition.