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. 2024 Nov 15;230(5):1110-1119.
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiae138.

Mpox-Specific Immune Responses Elicited by Vaccination or Infection in People With HIV

Eva Grüner  1 , Marica Grossegesse  2 , Daniel Stern  3 , Veronica Ober  1 , Tabea M Eser  4   5   6 , Gabriele Reiling  1 , Renate Stirner  1 , Gerardo Ibarra  1 , Nils Postel  7 , Raffaele Conca  8 , Christopher Dächert  9 , Alba Grifoni  10 , Alessandro Sette  10   11 , Johannes Bogner  1   6 , Ulrich Seybold  1 , Julia Roider  1   6
Affiliations

Mpox-Specific Immune Responses Elicited by Vaccination or Infection in People With HIV

Eva Grüner et al. J Infect Dis. .

Abstract

In the recent mpox outbreak, people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) were at high risk both for contracting infection and for a more severe disease course. We studied cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by mpox infection (n = 5; n = 3 PWH) or smallpox vaccination (n = 17; all PWH) in a cohort of men who have sex with men. All PWH were successfully treated, with stable CD4 counts and undetectable HIV viral loads. Eleven of 17 vaccinated individuals had received childhood smallpox vaccination. In this group of individuals, both 2-dose modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccination and natural infection evoked mpox-specific immune responses mediated by B cells as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells. This study improves our understanding of smallpox vaccination-mediated cross-reactivity to other orthopox viruses, and long-lasting durability of childhood smallpox vaccination-mediated immune responses, including in PWH.

Keywords: HIV; MVA vaccine; T cell response; antibody response; mpox virus.

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Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. A. S. is a consultant for Gritstone Bio, Flow Pharma, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Qiagen, Fortress, Gilead, Sanofi, Merck, RiverVest, MedaCorp, Turnstone, NA Vaccine Institute, Emervax, Gerson Lehrman Group, and Guggenheim. A. G. is a consultant for Pfizer and Sanofi. L. J. I. has filed for patent protection for various aspects of T-cell epitope and vaccine design work. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

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