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Review
. 2024 Feb 28:15:1361009.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009. eCollection 2024.

Carcinogenic mechanisms of virus-associated lymphoma

Ying Zhang  1 , Wei Guo  1 , Zhumei Zhan  1 , Ou Bai  1
Affiliations
Review

Carcinogenic mechanisms of virus-associated lymphoma

Ying Zhang et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.

Keywords: EBV; HBV; HCV; HIV; lymphoma; pathogenesis; virus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
EBV miRNAs are involved in regulating the host immune response. Biogenesis of EBV-encoded miRNAs is dependent on host mechanisms and comprehensively controls the antiviral adaptive immune response of infected B cells. Immediately after infection, the viral DNA genome is circularized and virally encoded and noncoded RNAs are expressed. EBV miRNAs support immune evasion at multiple levels.1) EBV miRNA-BHRF1-2-5p targets the viral antigen LMP1, driving the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2, and facilitating viral persistence in host cells.2) EBV miRNAs also effectively interfere with MHC class I-mediated antigen presentation by targeting the antigen transporter protein, TAP2. TAP2 is a target of miRNA-BHRF -13 and -BART17.3)EBV miRNA inhibits the expression of lysosomal enzymes (IFI30, LGMN, and CTSB), of which IFI30 and LGMN are under the control of miR-BART1 and -BART2, respectively, and CTSB is controlled by miRNA-BART2 and -BHRF1-2, inhibiting the antigen presentation ability to CD4+ T cells via MHC class II.4) EBV miRNA-BART20-5p inhibits T-bet translation by secondary inhibition of p53 and thus inhibits T-bet translation.5) EBV miRNAs also control the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, and IFN-α), thus inhibiting cytokine-mediated immune response.6) miRNA -BHRF1-3 reduces the secretion of the NK cell ligand CXCL-11, allowing infected B cells to evade immunization by NK cells and T cells.7) EBV acts in trans on uninfected macrophages in tumors by secreting exosomes and promotes lymphoma development. CXCL-11,C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; TCR, T-cell receptor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NKG2D, natural killer group 2D; MICB,MHC class I chain-related molecule B.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mechanism of HBV causing lymphoma development.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mechanism of HCV causing lymphoma development.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mechanism of HIV causing lymphoma development.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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