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. 2024 Mar 14;24(1):43.
doi: 10.1186/s12873-024-00962-7.

Telephone triage and dispatch of ambulances to patients with suspected and verified acute stroke - a descriptive study

Bjørn Jamtli  1   2 , Maren Ranhoff Hov  3   4   5 , Trine Møgster Jørgensen  6 , Jo Kramer-Johansen  7   8 , Hege Ihle-Hansen  4 , Else Charlotte Sandset  4   5 , Håvard Wahl Kongsgård  9 , Camilla Hardeland  10   11
Affiliations

Telephone triage and dispatch of ambulances to patients with suspected and verified acute stroke - a descriptive study

Bjørn Jamtli et al. BMC Emerg Med. .

Abstract

Objectives: In this study we aimed to explore EMCC triage of suspected and confirmed stroke patients to gain more knowledge about the initial phase of the acute stroke response chain. Accurate dispatch at the Emergency Medical Communication Center (EMCC) is crucial for optimal resource utilization in the prehospital service, and early identification of acute stroke is known to improve patient outcome.

Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study based on data from the Emergency Department and EMCC records at a comprehensive stroke center in Oslo, Norway, during a six-month period (2019-2020). Patients dispatched with EMCC stroke criteria and/or discharged with a stroke diagnosis were included. We identified EMCC true positive, false positive and false negative stroke patients and estimated EMCC stroke sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV). Furthermore, we analyzed prehospital time intervals and identified patient destinations to gain knowledge on ambulance services assessments.

Results: We included 1298 patients. EMCC stroke sensitivity was 77% (95% CI: 72 - 82%), and PPV was 16% (95% CI: 14 - 18%). EMCC false negative stroke patients experienced an increased median prehospital delay of 11 min (p < 0.001). Upon arrival at the scene, 68% of the EMCC false negative patients were identified as suspected stroke cases by the ambulance services. Similarly, 68% of the false positive stroke patients were either referred to a GP, out-of-hours GP acute clinic, local hospitals or left at the scene by the ambulance services, indicating that no obvious stroke symptoms were identified by ambulance personnel upon arrival at the scene.

Conclusions: This study reveals a high EMCC stroke sensitivity and an extensive number of false positive stroke dispatches. By comparing the assessments made by both the EMCC and the ambulance service, we have identified specific patient groups that should be the focus for future research efforts aimed at improving the sensitivity and specificity of stroke recognition in the EMCC.

Keywords: Emergency calls; Emergency medical communication center; Emergency medical dispatch; Emergency medical services; Prehospital care; Prehospital stroke management; Stroke pathway; Triage.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Patient inclusion and definitions. Patient groups are not proportional
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Prehospital timeline and time intervals. The Standards for Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were followed [33]
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Flow chart study recruitment
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Prehospital time intervals. Prehospital time intervals are presented as median minutes and seconds (mm:ss). Total prehospital delay is presented on the end of each bar
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Proportions of stroke specific dispatch criteria among EMCC true positive and false positive patients
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