Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2024 Mar 15;3(3):CD015514.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015514.pub2.

Face-down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments

Timothy Hm Fung  1 , Tsz Wing Yim  2 , Noemi Lois  3 , David M Wright  3 , Su-Hsun Liu  2   4 , Tom Williamson  1
Affiliations
Review

Face-down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments

Timothy Hm Fung et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: A macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is one of the most common ophthalmic surgical emergencies and causes significant visual morbidity. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with gas tamponade is often performed to repair primary macula-involving RRDs with a high rate of anatomical retinal reattachment. It has been advocated by some ophthalmologists that face-down positioning after PPV and gas tamponade helps reduce postoperative retinal displacement. Retinal displacement can cause metamorphopsia and binocular diplopia.

Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to determine whether face-down positioning reduces the risk of retinal displacement following PPV and gas tamponade for primary macula-involving RRDs.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2022, Issue 11), MEDLINE (January 1946 to 28 November 2022), Embase.com (January 1947 to 28 November 2022), PubMed (1948 to 28 November 2022), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database (1982 to 28 November 2022), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic search. We last searched the electronic databases on 28 November 2022.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which face-down positioning was compared with no positioning or another form of positioning following PPV and gas tamponade for primary macula-involving RRDs.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodology and assessed the certainty of the body of evidence for the prespecified outcomes using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We identified three RCTs (369 eyes of 368 participants) that met the eligibility criteria. Two RCTs provided data on postoperative retinal displacement, one reported on postoperative distortion and quality of life outcomes, two on postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in logMAR, and two on postoperative ocular adverse events such as outer retinal folds. Study characteristics and risk of bias All the trials involved predominantly male participants (range: 68% to 72%). Only one trial provided race and ethnicity information, was registered on a trial registry, and reported funding sources. Using the RoB 2 tool, we assessed the risk of bias for proportion of eyes with retinal displacement, mean change in visual acuity, objective distortion scores, quality of life assessments, and ocular adverse events, with most domains judged to be at low risk of bias. Findings Immediate face-down positioning may result in a lower proportion of participants with postoperative retinal displacement compared with support-the-break positioning at six months (risk ratio [RR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54 to 0.99; 1 RCT; 239 eyes of 239 participants; very low certainty evidence). One study found no evidence of a difference in BCVA at three months when comparing postoperative face-up with face-down positioning with or without perfluorocarbon liquid (mean difference [MD] -0.03, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.02; I2 = 0; 56 eyes of 56 participants; very low certainty evidence). Immediate face-down positioning appears to have little to no effect on postoperative distortion scores at week 26 (MD 1.80, 95% CI -1.92 to 5.52; 1 RCT; 219 eyes of 219 participants; very low certainty evidence) and postoperative quality of life assessment scores at week 26 (MD -1.80, 95% CI -5.52 to 1.92; 1 RCT; 217 eyes of 217 participants; very low certainty evidence). Adverse events One study that enrolled 262 participants with macula-involving RRDs suggested that immediate face-down positioning after PPV and gas tamponade may reduce the ocular adverse event of postoperative outer retinal folds at six months (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.90; 1 RCT; 262 eyes of 262 participants; very low certainty evidence) and binocular diplopia (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.90; 1 RCT; 262 eyes of 262 participants; very low certainty evidence) compared with support-the-break positioning. Immediate face-down positioning may increase the ocular adverse event of elevated intraocular pressure compared with support-the-break positioning (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.73; 1 RCT; 262 eyes of 262 participants; very low certainty evidence). Another study found no evidence of a difference in postoperative outer retinal folds when comparing face-down versus face-up positioning at one and three months (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.02; RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.28 to 3.61; 1 RCT; 56 eyes of 56 participants; very low certainty evidence). No studies reported non-ocular adverse events.

Authors' conclusions: Very low certainty evidence suggests that immediate face-down positioning after PPV and gas tamponade may result in a reduction in postoperative retinal displacement, outer retinal folds, and binocular diplopia, but may increase the chance of postoperative raised intraocular pressure compared with support-the-break positioning at six months. We identified two ongoing trials that compare face-down positioning with face-up positioning following PPV and gas tamponade in participants with primary macula-involving RRDs, whose results may provide relevant evidence for our stated objectives. Future trials should be rigorously designed, and investigators should analyze outcome data appropriately and report adequate information to provide evidence of high certainty. Quality of life and patient preferences should be examined in addition to clinical and adverse event outcomes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

THMF: no relevant interests.

TWY: reports grant UG1 EY020522 from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA; payment to institution; Cochrane methodologist but was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

NL: no relevant interests; Cochrane editor, but was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

DMW: no relevant interests.

SL: reports grant UG1 EY020522 from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA; payment to institution; managing editor of Cochrane Review Group, but was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

TW: reports royalty agreement with AxSys Technologies (sales of the ophthalmology module of the Excellicare electronic patient record system), CRC Press (textbook publication on Vitreoretinal Disorders in Primary Care), and Springer‐Verlag (textbook publications on Vitreoretinal Surgery, Intraocular Surgery and Suprachoroidal Space Interventions); consultant fees from Bausch and Lomb and Daybreak Medical, outside the submitted work; ownership of stocks in Expert Clinics Scotland, Expert Dry Eye, Infinite Medical Ventures and Medsales Academy; patent on prepdose safety syringe.

Figures

1
1
Proposed mechanism of retinal displacement. Subretinal fluid (blue areas) typically remains at the macula peroperatively and in the immediate postoperative period following PPV and gas tamponade for a macula‐involving RRD. Retinal displacement may occur as a result of subretinal fluid flow under the retina induced by the buoyant force of the gas bubble and gravity in a direction related to postoperative head positioning, leading to stretching of the retina as demonstrated by the stretch of the retinal vessels.
2
2
Proposed mechanism of face‐down positioning for preventing retinal displacement. By positioning face‐down after PPV and gas tamponade without an intervening elevated head position, any subretinal fluid that remains at the macula peroperatively and in the immediate postoperative period will be encouraged to flow in all directions rather than just inferior, leading to lower rates of inferior retinal displacement.
3
3
Study flow diagram.
4
4
Forest plot of face‐down positioning versus support‐the‐break positioning, outcome 1.1 Proportion of eyes with retinal displacement at 6 months.
5
5
Forest plot of face‐down positioning versus other positioning, outcome 1.2: Proportion of eyes with retinal displacement at 3 months.
6
6
Forest plot of face‐down positioning versus other positioning, outcome 1.7: Adverse events ‐ outer retinal folds.
7
7
Forest plot of face‐down positioning versus support‐the‐break positioning, outcome 1.8: Adverse events ‐ binocular diplopia and elevated intraocular pressure at 6 months.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 1: Proportion of eyes with retinal displacement at 6 months
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 2: Proportion of eyes with retinal displacement within 3 months
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 3: Mean change in visual acuity (logMAR) at 3 months
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 4: Mean change in visual acuity (ETDRS)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 5: Objective distortion score
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 6: Quality of life score ‐ NEI‐VFQ
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 7: Adverse events ‐ outer retinal folds
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Face‐down positioning versus other positioning, Outcome 8: Adverse events ‐ binocular diplopia and elevated intraocular pressure at 6 months
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Casswell 2020 {published data only}
    1. Casswell E, Yorston D, Lee E, Heeren T, Harris N, Zvobgo T, et al. The posturing after retinal detachment (PostRD) trial. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2019;60(9):6421.
    1. Casswell EJ, Yorston D, Lee E, Heeren TFC, Harris N, Zvobgo TM, et al. Effect of face-down positioning vs support-the-break positioning after macula-involving retinal detachment repair: the PostRD randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmology 2020;138(6):634‐42. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sadiq SN, Mehta A, Song A, Ghareeb A, Al-Zubaidy M, Mostafa I, et al. Infographic: effect of face-down positioning vs support-the-break positioning after macula-involving retinal detachment repair: the PostRD randomised clinical trial. Eye (London, England) 2022;36(2):350‐1. - PMC - PubMed
Peiretti 2017 {published data only}
    1. Peiretti E, Nasini F, Buschini E, Caminiti G, Lesnik OSY, Willig A, et al. Optical coherence tomography evaluation of patients with macula-off retinal detachment after different postoperative posturing: a randomized pilot study. Acta Ophthalmologica 2017;95(5):e379‐84. - PubMed
Schawkat 2019 {published data only}
    1. Schawkat M, Valmaggia C, Lang C, Scholl HPN, Harsum S, Guber I, et al. Influence of postoperative posture on macular slippage after macula-off retinal detachment: a randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology and Therapy 2019;8(4):519‐25. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Chen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chen X, Yan Y, Hong L, Zhu L. A comparison of strict face-down positioning with adjustable positioning after pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 2015;35(5):892-8. - PubMed
dell'Omo 2013 {published data only}
    1. dell'Omo R, Semeraro F, Guerra G, Verolino M, Cinelli M, Montagnani S, et al. Short-time prone posturing is well-tolerated and reduces the rate of unintentional retinal displacement in elderly patients operated on for retinal detachment. BMC Surgery 2013;13 Suppl 2:S55. - PMC - PubMed
Guber 2019 {published data only}
    1. Casswell EJ, Charteris DG. Re. Guber et al: how to prevent retinal shift after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair: a prospective, randomized study. Ophthalmology Retina 2020;4(7):e5. - PubMed
    1. Guber J, Schawkat M, Lang C, Scholl HPN, Valmaggia C. How to prevent retinal shift after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair: a prospective, randomized study. Ophthalmology Retina 2019;3(5):417‐21. - PubMed
    1. Muni RH, Figueiredo N, Hillier RJ. Re: Guber et al: how to prevent retinal shift after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. Ophthalmology Retina 2020;4(7):e5-6. - PubMed
JPRN‐UMIN000023598 {published and unpublished data}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000023598. Impact of postoperative positioning on the outcome of pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: Comparison between supine and prone positioning. center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000027168 (first received 1 September 2016).
Kim 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kim AY, Hwang S, Kang SW, Shin SY, Chang WH, Kim SJ, et al. A structured exercise to relieve musculoskeletal pain caused by face-down posture after retinal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports 2021;11(1):22074. - PMC - PubMed
Shiragami 2015 {published data only}
    1. Shiragami C, Fukuda K, Yamaji H, Morita M, Shiraga F. A method to decrease the frequency of unintentional slippage after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 2015;35(4):758-63. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

JPRN‐UMIN000023272 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000023272. Palliative care on face-down posture-related pain after vitrectomy: a randomized control trial. center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000026810 (first received 21 July 2016).

References to ongoing studies

CTRI/2022/10/046837 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2022/10/046837. Evaluation of positioning after surgery for retinal detachment. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2022/10/046837 (first received 27 October 2022).
NCT04035343 {published data only}
    1. NCT04035343. Effect of type of head positioning on retinal displacement in vitrectomy for retinal detachment. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04035343 (first received 29 July 2019).

Additional references

Algvere 1999
    1. Algvere PV, Jahnberg P, Textorius O. The Swedish Retinal Detachment Register. I. A database for epidemiological and clinical studies. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1999;237(2):137-44. - PubMed
Ashrafzadeh 1973
    1. Ashrafzadeh MT, Schepens CL, Elzeneiny II, Moura R, Morse P, Kraushar MF. Aphakic and phakic retinal detachments. I. Preoperative findings. Archives of Ophthalmology 1973;89(6):476-83. - PubMed
Benson 1978
    1. Benson WE, Morse PH. The prognosis of retinal detachment due to lattice degeneration. Annals of Ophthalmology 1978;10(9):1197-200. - PubMed
Bhaskaran 2014
    1. Bhaskaran K, Smeeth L. What is the difference between missing completely at random and missing at random? International Journal of Epidemiology 2014;43(4):1336-9. - PMC - PubMed
Brosh 2020
    1. Brosh K, Francisconi CM, Qian J, Sabatino F, Juncal VR, Hillier RJ, et al. Retinal displacement following pneumatic retinopexy vs pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. JAMA Ophthalmology 2020;138(6):652-9. - PMC - PubMed
Brouzas 2011
    1. Brouzas D, Gourgounis N, Davou S, Loukianou E, Georgalas I, Koursandrea C. Ulnar neuropathy as a complication of retinal detachment surgery and face-down positioning. Case Reports in Ophthalmology 2011;2(2):243-5. - PMC - PubMed
Casswell 2020
    1. Casswell EJ, Yortston D, Lee E, Heeran TF, Harris N, Zvobgo TM, et al. Effect of face-down positioning vs support-the-break positioning after macula-involving retinal detachment repair: the PostRD randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmology 2020;138(6):634-42. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2015
    1. Chen X, Yan Y, Hong L, Zhu L. A comparison of strict face-down positioning with adjustable positioning after pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 2015;35(5):892-8. - PubMed
Ciulla 1996
    1. Ciulla TA, Frederick AR, Kelly C Jr, Amrein R. Postvitrectomy positioning complicated by ulnar nerve palsy. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1996;122(5):739-40. - PubMed
Clayman 1981
    1. Clayman HM, Jaffe NS, Light DS, Jaffe MS, Cassady JC. Intraocular lenses, axial length, and retinal detachment. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1981;92(6):778-80. - PubMed
Codenotti 2013
    1. Codenotti M, Fogliato G, Luliano L, Querques G, Maestranzi G, Prati M, et al. Influence of intraocular tamponade on unintentional retinal displacement after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 2013;33(2):349-55. - PubMed
Covidence [Computer program]
    1. Covidence. Version accessed 4 November 2022. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation. Available at covidence.org.
Cox 1969
    1. Cox MS, Schepens CL, Freeman HM. Retinal detachment due to ocular contusion. Archives of Ophthalmology 1969;76(5):678-85. - PubMed
Davis 1999
    1. Davis JL. Management of CMV retinal detachments in the new era of antiretroviral therapy. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation 1999;7(3-4):205-13. - PubMed
Deeks 2022
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG. Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
dell’Omo 2013
    1. dell’Omo R, Semeraro F, Guerra G, Verolino M, Cinelli M, Montagnani S, et al. Short-time prone posturing is well tolerated and reduces the rate of unintentional retinal displacement in elderly patients operated on for retinal detachment. BMC Surgery 2013;13(2):S55. - PMC - PubMed
Doft 2000
    1. Doft BM, Kelsey SF, Wisniewski SR. Retinal detachment in the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study. Archives of Ophthalmology 2000;118(12):1661-5. - PubMed
Gariano 2004
    1. Gariano RF, Kim CH. Evaluation and management of suspected retinal detachment. American Family Physician 2004;69(7):1691-8. - PubMed
Ghazi 2002
    1. Ghazi NG, Green WR. Pathology and pathogenesis of retinal detachment. Eye 2002;16(4):411-21. - PubMed
Glanville 2006
    1. Glanville JM, Lefebvre C, Miles JN, Camosso-Stefinovic J. How to identify randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE: ten years on. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(3):354. - PMC - PubMed
Goezinne 2009
    1. Goezinne F, Heij EC, Berendschot TT, Tahzib NG, Koetsier LS, Hoevenaars JG, et al. Patient ignorance is the main reason for treatment delay in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the Netherlands. Eye 2009;23(6):1393-9. - PubMed
Grey 1989
    1. Grey RH, Burns-Cox CJ, Hughes A. Blind and partial sight registration in Avon. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1989;73(2):88-94. - PMC - PubMed
Harker 1996
    1. Harker R, McLauchlan R, MacDonald H, Waterman C, Waterman H. Endless nights: Patients’ experiences of posturing face-down following vitreoretinal surgery. Journal of Ophthalmic Nursing 1996;6(2):11-5.
Hernán 2017
    1. Hernán MA, Robins JM. Per-protocol analyses of pragmatic trials. New England Journal of Medicine 2017;377(14):1391-8. - PubMed
Higgins 2022
    1. Higgins JP, Savovic J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JA. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
Jackson 2014
    1. Jackson TL, Donachie PH, Sallam A, Sparrow JM, Johnston RL. United Kingdom National Ophthalmology Database study of vitreoretinal surgery: report 3, retinal detachment. Ophthalmology 2014;121(3):643-8. - PubMed
Kusaka 1998
    1. Kusaka S, Toshino A, Ohashi Y, Sakaue E. Long-term visual recovery after scleral buckling for macular-off retinal detachments. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 1998;42(3):218-22. - PubMed
Lee 2013
    1. Lee E, Williamson TH, Hysi P, Shunmugam M, Dogramaci M, Wong R, et al. Macular displacement following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2013;97(10):1297-302. - PubMed
Lefebvre 2008
    1. Lefebvre C, Eisinga A, McDonald S, Paul N. Enhancing access to reports of randomized trials published world-wide - the contribution of EMBASE records to the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2008;30(5):13. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2003
    1. Li X, Beijing Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Study Group. Incidence and epidemiological characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Beijing, China. Ophthalmology 2003;110(12):2413-7. - PubMed
Li 2022
    1. Li T, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Chapter 5: Collecting data. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
Limeira‐Soares 2007
    1. Limeira-Soares PH, Lira RP, Arieta CE, Kara-Jose N. Demand incidence of retinal detachment in Brazil. Eye 2007;21(3):348-52. - PubMed
Lina 2016
    1. Lina G, Xuemin Q, Qinmei W, Lijun S. Vision-related quality of life, metamorphopsia, and stereopsis after successful surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Eye 2016;30(1):40-5. - PMC - PubMed
Lois 2003
    1. Lois N, Wong D. Pseudophakic retinal detachment. Survey of Ophthalmology 2003;48(5):467-87. - PubMed
Mason 2022
    1. Mason RH, Minaker SA, Marafon SB, Figueiredo N, Hillier RJ, Muni RH. Retinal displacement following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Survey of Ophthalmology 2022;67(4):950-64. - PubMed
McGowan 2016
    1. McGowan G, Yorston D, Strang NC, Manahilov V. D-CHART: a novel method of measuring metamorphopsia in epiretinal membrane and macular hole. Retina 2016;36(4):703-8. - PubMed
McKenzie 2022a
    1. McKenzie JE, Brennan SE, Ryan RE, Thomson HJ, Johnston RV. Chapter 9: Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
McKenzie 2022b
    1. McKenzie JE, Brennan SE. Chapter 12: Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
Mitry 2010
    1. Mitry D, Charteris DG, Yorston D, Siddiqui MA, Campbell H, Murphy AL, et al. The epidemiology and socioeconomic associations of retinal detachment in Scotland: a two-year prospective population-based study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010;51(10):4963-8. - PubMed
Mitry 2011
    1. Mitry D, Singh J, Yorston D, Siddiqui MA, Wright A, Fleck BW, et al. The predisposing pathology and clinical characteristics in the Scottish retinal detachment study. Ophthalmology 2011;118(7):1429-34. - PubMed
Moher 2010
    1. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2010;63(8):e1-37. - PubMed
Mowatt 2003
    1. Mowatt L, Shun-Shin G, Price N. Ethnic differences in the demand incidence of retinal detachments in two districts in the West Midlands. Eye 2003;17(1):63-70. - PubMed
Nagpal 2004
    1. Nagpal M, Nagpal K, Rishi P, Nagpal PN. Juvenile rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2004;52(4):297-302. - PubMed
Ninn‐Pedersen 1996
    1. Ninn-Pedersen K, Bauer B. Cataract patients in a defined Swedish population, 1986 to 1990. V. Postoperative retinal detachments. Archives of Ophthalmology 1996;114(4):382-6. - PubMed
Okuda 2018
    1. Okuda T, Higashide T, Sugiyama K. Metamorphopsia and outer retinal morphologic changes after successful vitrectomy surgery for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 2018;38(1):148-154. - PubMed
Page 2022
    1. Page MJ, Higgins JP, Sterne JA. Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
Pandya 2012
    1. Pandya VB, Hophd IV, Hunyor AP. Does unintentional macular translocation after retinal detachment repair influence visual outcome? Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2012;40(1):88-92. - PubMed
Potic 2021
    1. Potic J, Bergin C, Giacuzzo C, Konstantinidis L, Daruich A, Wolfensberger TJ. Application of modified NEI VFQ-25 after retinal detachment to vision-related quality of life. Retina 2021;41(3):653-60. - PMC - PubMed
Quintyn 2006
    1. Quintyn JC, Benouaich X, Pagot-Mathis V, Mathis A. Retinal detachment, a condition little known to patients. Retina 2006;26(9):1077-8. - PubMed
RevMan 2023 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.2.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2023. Available at revman.cochrane.org.
Schawkat 2019
    1. Schawkat M, Valmaggia C, Lang C, Scholl HP, Harsum S, Guber I, et al. Influence of postoperative posture on macular slippage after macula-off retinal detachment: a randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology and Therapy 2019;8(4):519-25. - PMC - PubMed
Schünemann 2013
    1. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editor(s). Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). Available from guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook.
Schünemann 2022
    1. Schünemann HJ, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Skoetz N, et al. Chapter 14: Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
Seno 2015
    1. Seno Y, Shimada Y, Mizuguchi T, Tanikawa A, Horiguchi M. Compliance with the face-down positioning after vitrectomy and gas tamponade for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Retina 2015;35(7):1436-40. - PubMed
Shiragami 2010
    1. Shiragami C, Shiraga F, Yamaji H, Fukuda K, Takagishi M, Morita M, et al. Unintentional displacement of the retina after standard vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Ophthalmology 2010;117(1):86-92. - PubMed
Shiragami 2015
    1. Shiragami C, Fukuda K, Yamaji H, Morita M, Shiraga F. A method to decrease the frequency of unintentional slippage after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 2015;35(4):758-63. - PubMed
Siddiqui 2010
    1. Siddiqui MA, Abdelkader E, Hammam T, Murdoch JR, Lois N. Socioeconomic status and delayed presentation in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Acta Ophthalmologica 2010;88(8):e353-353. - PubMed
Sodhi 2008
    1. Sodhi A, Leung LS, Do DV, Gower EW, Schein OD, Handa JT. Recent trends in the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Survey of Ophthalmology 2008;53(1):50-67. - PubMed
Sterne 2019
    1. Sterne JA, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019;366:l4898. - PubMed
Treister 1996
    1. Treister G, Wygnanski T. Pressure sore in a patient who underwent repair of a retinal tear with gas injection. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1996;234(10):657-8. - PubMed
Xu 2021
    1. Xu ZY, Azuara-Blanco A, Kadonosono K, Murray T, Natarajan S, Sii S, et al. New classification for the reporting of complications in retinal detachment surgical trials. JAMA Ophthalmology 2021;139(8):857-64. - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2023
    1. Xu J, Davoudi S, Yoon J, Chen X, Siegel NH, Subramanian ML, et al. Effect of race and ethnicity on surgical outcomes for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 2023;S0008-4182(22):00374-X. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Fung 2022
    1. Fung T, Lois N, Wright DM, Liu S-H, Williamson T. Face‐down positioning or posturing after vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 12. Art. No: CD015514. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015514] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources