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. 2024 Feb 28;9(10):12069-12083.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09989. eCollection 2024 Mar 12.

Green Organo-Photooxidative Method for the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

Adnan Majeed  1 , Ahmad H Ibrahim  2 , Sawsan S Al-Rawi  3 , Muhammad Adnan Iqbal  1   4 , Muhammad Kashif  5 , Muhammad Yousif  1 , Zain Ul Abidin  1 , Shahzaib Ali  1 , Muhammad Arbaz  1 , Syed Arslan Hussain  1
Affiliations

Green Organo-Photooxidative Method for the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

Adnan Majeed et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

This study used an organophoto-oxidative material to degrade the toxic azo dye, methylene blue (MB), due to its hazardous effects on aquatic life and humans. MB is traditionally degraded using metal-based catalysts, resulting in high costs. Several organic acids were screened for organo-photooxidative applications against various azo dyes, and ascorbic acid (AA), also known as vitamin C, was found to be best for degradation due to its high photooxidative activity. It is an eco-friendly, edible, and efficient photooxidative material. A photocatalytic box has been developed for the study of organo-photooxidative activity. It was found that when AA was added, degradation efficiency increased from 42 to 95% within 240 min. Different characterization techniques, such as HPLC and GC-MS, were used after degradation for the structural elucidation of degraded products. DFT study was done for the investigation of the mechanistic study behind the degradation process. A statistical tool, RSM, was used for the optimization of parameters (concentration of dye, catalyst, and time). This study develops sustainable and effective solutions for wastewater treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
UV–visible absorbance spectra of pure MB alongside degraded MB samples occurred at various time durations, ranging from 0 to 240 min with intervals of 1 h in the presence of AA.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Plot of the predicted versus actual % degradation efficiency.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Illustration of the normal probability of raw residuals.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Box–Cox plot of the model.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Response surface (3D) and contour plots (2D) for the percentage photooxidative degradation of MB as a function of (a) A: dye concentration (ppm) and B: dose of photooxidative compound (g) (at contact time = 120 min). (b) B: dose of photooxidative compound and C: time (minute) (dye concentration = 300 ppm and reaction time = 240 min) and (c) A: dye concentration (ppm) and C: time (minute): dose = 0.004 g; reaction time = 240 min.
Figure 6
Figure 6
FT-IR spectra of MB (a) before and (b) after degradation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
HPLC chromatogram showing the degradation of MB. In (a), the chromatogram illustrates the MB degraded sample. In (b), the chromatogram depicts MB after degradation at 254 nm. In (c), the chromatogram shows the peak before degradation at 670 nm.
Figure 8
Figure 8
GC–MS spectrum mass peaks of organophoto-oxidatively degraded products of MB by AA.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Proposed mechanism of MB degraded by AA was based on GC–MS.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Optimized structures of (a) AA and (b) MB.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Pattern of the HOMO and LUMO frontier molecular orbital surfaces.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Distribution of electron density on the optimized molecular geometries of AA (a) and MB (b).
Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Schematic Representation of the Activity of Organo-Photooxidation
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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