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Review
. 2024 May;24(5):113-122.
doi: 10.1007/s11910-024-01336-z. Epub 2024 Mar 18.

Update on Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Amalie Chen  1   2 , Bart K Chwalisz  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Update on Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Amalie Chen et al. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2024 May.

Abstract

Purpose of review: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) use has been on the rise for treatment of many different malignancies. Subsequently, more has been learned about immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that occur up to 12 months after treatment. This review summarizes the latest findings and management of neuro-ophthalmic associated irAEs.

Recent findings: irAEs can affect the afferent and efferent neuro-ophthalmic pathways, thereby targeting central and peripheral nervous systems. As more cases are being reported, it is becoming apparent that neuro-ophthalmic irAEs often present with atypical features when compared to their spontaneous autoimmune counterparts. These neuro-ophthalmic presentations can also be signs of a more extensive inflammatory process that spans other organ systems, such as myopathies, endocrinopathies, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Awareness of neuro-ophthalmic irAEs and their atypical presentations can lead to early detection, termination of ICI treatment, and immunosuppressant therapy initiation.

Keywords: Checkpoint inhibitors; Immune-related adverse events; Inflammatory; Neuro-ophthalmology.

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References

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