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. 2024 Mar;44(3):77-88.
doi: 10.24095/hpcdp.44.3.02.

Accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths among youth in Canada: a descriptive analysis of a national chart review study of coroner and medical examiner data

[Article in English, French]
Affiliations

Accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths among youth in Canada: a descriptive analysis of a national chart review study of coroner and medical examiner data

[Article in English, French]
Grace Yi-Shin Chang et al. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2024 Mar.

Abstract

Introduction: Substance-related acute toxicity deaths (ATDs) are a public health crisis in Canada. Youth are often at higher risk for substance use due to social, environmental and structural factors. The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of youth (aged 12-24 years) dying of accidental acute toxicity in Canada and examine the substances contributing to and circumstances surrounding youth ATDs.

Methods: Data from a national chart review study of coroner and medical examiner data on ATDs that occurred in Canada between 2016 and 2017 were used to conduct descriptive analyses with proportions, mortality rates and proportionate mortality rates. Where possible, youth in the chart review study were compared with youth in the general population and youth who died of all causes, using census data.

Results: Of the 732 youth who died of accidental acute toxicity in 2016-2017, most (94%) were aged 18 to 24 years. Youth aged 20 to 24 who were unemployed, unhoused or living in collective housing were overrepresented among accidental ATDs. Many of the youth aged 12 to 24 who died of accidental acute toxicity had a documented history of substance use. Fentanyl, cocaine and methamphetamine were the most common substances contributing to death, and 38% of the deaths were witnessed or potentially witnessed.

Conclusion: The findings of this study point to the need for early prevention and harm reduction strategies and programs that address mental health, exposure to trauma, unemployment and housing instability to reduce the harms of substance use on Canadian youth.

Introduction: Les décès attribuables à une intoxication aiguë due à une substance sont à l’origine d’une crise de santé publique au Canada. Les jeunes courent souvent un risque accru de consommation de substances en raison de facteurs sociaux, environnementaux et structurels. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de comprendre les caractéristiques des jeunes (12 à 24 ans) qui décèdent en raison d’une intoxication aiguë accidentelle au Canada ainsi que d’analyser les substances qui contribuent aux décès par intoxication aiguë chez les jeunes et les circonstances entourant ces décès.

Méthodologie: Nous avons utilisé les données d’une étude nationale portant sur l’examen des dossiers des données de coroners et de médecins légistes concernant les décès par intoxication aiguë survenus au Canada en 2016 et 2017 afin de réaliser des analyses descriptives à partir des proportions, des taux de décès et des taux proportionnels de décès. Dans la mesure du possible, les jeunes faisant partie de l’étude sur l’examen des dossiers ont été comparés, au moyen de données de recensement, aux jeunes dans la population générale et aux jeunes décédés toutes causes confondues.

Résultats: Sur les 732 jeunes décédés par intoxication aiguë accidentelle en 2016-2017, la plupart (94 %) avaient entre 18 et 24 ans. Les jeunes de 20 à 24 ans sans emploi et vivant dans un logement collectif ou sans domicile étaient surreprésentés parmi les décès accidentels par intoxication aiguë. Parmi les jeunes de 12 à 24 ans décédés en raison d’une intoxication aiguë accidentelle, beaucoup avaient des antécédents documentés de consommation de substances. Le fentanyl, la cocaïne et la méthamphétamine ont été les substances ayant le plus fréquemment contribué aux décès, et 38 % des décès ont eu lieu en présence d’un témoin ou potentiellement en présence d’un témoin.

Conclusion: Les résultats de cette étude soulignent la nécessité de mettre en place des mesures de prévention précoce, des stratégies de réduction des méfaits et des programmes portant sur la santé mentale, l’exposition à un événement traumatisant ainsi que le chômage et l’instabilité résidentielle, afin de réduire les méfaits de la consommation de substances chez les jeunes Canadiens.

Keywords: Canada; acute toxicity deaths; children; drug overdose; opioid overdose; substance use; young adults; youth.

Plain language summary

In 2016 and 2017, nearly half (46%) of all accidental deaths among youth 18 to 24 years of age were due to acute toxicity. Youth aged 20 to 24 who were unemployed, living in collective housing or unhoused were overrepresented among those who died of accidental acute toxicity. Almost one-third (30%) of youth 12 to 24 years of age who died of accidental acute toxicity had at least one documented potentially traumatic event during their life. Opioids (fentanyl, morphine, diacetylmorphine [heroin], carfentanil) and stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine) of nonpharmaceutical origin were the most common contributors to accidental acute toxicity deaths among youth aged 12 to 24 years. Thirty-eight percent of the accidental acute toxicity deaths in youth were witnessed or potentially witnessed.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. UpSet plot of the most frequent substances and substance combinations contributing to accidental deaths for youth 12 to 24 years of age in Canada, 2016 to 2017

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