Effectiveness of Butorphanol in alleviating intra- and post-operative visceral pain following microwave ablation for hepatic tumor: a dual-central, randomized, controlled trial

Abstract

Many patients who underwent hepatic percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) reported experiencing pain during the procedure. This study utilized a well-designed multicentral, randomized, and placebo-controlled format to investigate the effects of Butorphanol. Patients who underwent MWA were randomly assigned to either Butorphanol or normal saline group. The primary outcomes of the study were assessed by measuring the patients' intraoperative pain levels using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes included measuring postoperative pain levels at the 6-h mark (VAS) and evaluating comprehensive pain assessment outcomes. A total of 300 patients were divided between the control group (n = 100) and the experimental group (n = 200). Butorphanol showed statistically significant reductions in intraoperative pain levels compared to the placebo during surgery (5.00 ± 1.46 vs. 3.54 ± 1.67, P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed in postoperative pain levels at the 6-h mark and in the overall assessment of pain (1.39 + 1.21 vs. 0.65 + 0.81, P < 0.001). Butorphanol had a significant impact on reducing the heart rate of patients. The empirical evidence supports the effectiveness of Butorphanol in reducing the occurrence of visceral postoperative pain in patients undergoing microwave ablation for hepatic tumor. Furthermore, the study found no noticeable impact on circulatory and respiratory dynamics.

Keywords: Butorphanol; Hepatic tumor; Microwave ablation; RCT.

Figure 1

CONSORT flow diagram. CONSORT: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials.

Figure 2

Changes in MAP, HR, SpO₂, and RR. MAP, HR: Normal distribution, mean, and SD. SpO₂, RR: Nonnormal distribution, median, and upper/lower limit. MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; RR, respiratory rate; SpO₂, pulse oxygen saturation. T0, at admission; T1, beginning of microwave ablation; T5, 5 min after microwave ablation; T10, 10 min after microwave ablation; T15, 15 min after microwave ablation. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).