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. 2025 Apr;55(4):1318-1328.
doi: 10.1007/s10803-024-06316-3. Epub 2024 Mar 20.

Autistic People's Perspectives on Functioning Labels and Associated Reasons, and Community Connectedness

Nathan Keates  1 , Farradeh Martin  2 , Krysia Emily Waldock  3
Affiliations

Autistic People's Perspectives on Functioning Labels and Associated Reasons, and Community Connectedness

Nathan Keates et al. J Autism Dev Disord. 2025 Apr.

Erratum in

Abstract

Purpose: Functioning labels have been used in relation to autistic people and differentiating between support needs. The main purpose of our study was to identify perspectives regarding language about being autistic. In regard to themselves and functioning. Furthermore, we investigated the influential factor of community connectedness on use of language acceptability and functioning labels.

Methods: 516 autistic respondents completed our survey. We asked about demographic characteristics, how respondents would like autistic people to be termed in the survey, and their acceptability (person with autism, Aspergers, disorder, conditions, living with autism, autistic). We also asked about respondents? Autistic Community Connectedness, acknowledging the implicit nature of language and identity (Stets & Serpe in New directions in identity theory and research, Oxford University Press, 2016). The main focus of our survey was whether or not to use functioning labels, and the supporting rationale.

Results: 97% of respondents stated that they find the term 'autistic' acceptable. Respondents who did see merit in using functioning labels to describe autistic people also reported not necessarily using them about themselves. Community membership was found to impact the participants' language preferences to describe the support needs of autistic people, including the use of functioning labels.

Conclusion: The proposed best option for language preferences is not to find consensus but instead, opt for the optimal choice that people find the least offensive or disagreeable. This means using identity-first language and not using functioning labels.

Keywords: Autism; Community; Functioning labels; Identity-first language; Language.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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