Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Mar 11;10(6):e27677.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27677. eCollection 2024 Mar 30.

Spatial patterns, factors, and ethnic differences: A study on ethnic minority villages in Yunnan, China

Wenjing Gao  1 , Xiaolan Zhuo  1 , Dawei Xiao  1
Affiliations

Spatial patterns, factors, and ethnic differences: A study on ethnic minority villages in Yunnan, China

Wenjing Gao et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

This paper takes ethnic minority villages in Yunnan province of China, which have significant characteristics of multi-ethnic integration, as the research object. Through various spatial statistical analysis methods, we analyzed the overall distribution characteristics of ethnic villages in Yunnan, the distribution difference among various ethnic groups, and the influencing factors of the distribution pattern. It was found that: (1) The ethnic minority villages in Yunnan generally exhibit a kernel density characteristic of "three concentrated areas and multiple scattered points" and distribution characteristic of "hot spots in the west and cold spots in the east". Each ethnic group has a relatively concentrated region, presenting significant ethnic autocorrelation. (2) The differences in the relationship between villages and landscape among various ethnic groups have given rise to a unique three-dimensional distribution pattern, which is relate to ethnic origin and livelihood culture. Meanwhile, Han traditional villages tend to occupy areas with relatively better geographical conditions. (3) Natural factors, such as topographic relief, the distance between ethnic villages and rivers, and elevation, have a significant impact on the distribution of ethnic villages in Yunnan. Meanwhile, test results of social and human factors, including the distance from central cities, per capita GDP, and the gross annual output values of primary industry, indicate that the development of social economy and the promotion of urbanization pose challenges to the preservation of ethnic villages.

Keywords: Ethnic differentiation; Ethnic minority villages; Human factor; Natural factor; Spatial distribution.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Xiao Dawei reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100001809National Natural Science Foundation of China (51778232). Zhuo Xiaolan reports financial support was provided by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515011702). If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The location of Yunnan Province.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Spatial distribution of EMCVs in Yunnan province. Note: All maps in this article are derived from standard maps issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources of China.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The Average Nearest Neighbor test report.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The nuclear density map of EMCVs in Yunnan.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The global spatial autocorrelation test report.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Cold and hot spot distribution of EMCVs in Yunnan.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The global spatial autocorrelation of the ethnic attributes of EMCVs test report.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
The Kernel density distribution of EMCVs in Yunnan of (a)Yi EMCVs, (b)Miao EMCVs, (c)Dai EMCVs, (d)Bai EMCVs, (e)Naxi EMCVs, (f)Wa EMCVs, (g)Zhuang EMCVs, (h)Tibetan EMCVs, (i)Nu EMCVs.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Distribution of EMCVs and THVs along rivers of different distance and grades.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Distribution of EMCVs and THVs at different elevations in Yunnan.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Distribution of EMCVs and THVs in different topography.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Scatter chart of population and EMCVs of each ethnic group.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
Scatter chart of the ethnic minority population and EMCVs in each prefecture (city).
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Quantity of EMCVs and THVs distributed in areas at different distances from central cities: (a) EMCVs, (b) THVs.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Relationship between socioeconomic development and the quantities of EMCV and THV in Yunnan.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Liu Z., Li Z. Research on the protection and planning construction of featured villages of ethnic minorities during the process of urbanization: a case study on the special ancient village of guilin, guangxi[J] Social Sciences in Guangxi. 2015;31(9):31–34.
    1. Yuqing G., Liwen L., Lingyan C. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences; 2023. Rural Revitalization of China: A New Framework, Measurement and forecast[J] p. 89.
    1. Wang S., Zhang W. vol. 3. Yunnan National Publishing House; Kunming: 2002. (Geography of Yunnan[M]).
    1. Wang W., Long X. vol. 9. Yunnan University Press; Kunming: 2018. (Summary of the History and Culture of Yunnan Nationalities[M]).
    1. J L R., Seth S., Hongwei X., et al. Identifying and bounding ethnic neighborhoods[J] Urban Geogr. 2011;32(3) - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources