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. 2025 Jun;12(3):1482-1490.
doi: 10.1007/s40615-024-01980-8. Epub 2024 Mar 21.

Race/Ethnicity and Other Predictors of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the US Population

Noé Carème Manfouo Fouotsa  1 , Ruth Ndjaboue  2   3 , Gerard Ngueta  4   5
Affiliations

Race/Ethnicity and Other Predictors of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the US Population

Noé Carème Manfouo Fouotsa et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Objectives: Among US adults aged 20 + years in the USA with previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we aimed to estimate the prevalence of early-onset T2DM (onset at age < 50.5 years) and to test associations between early-onset T2DM and race/ethnicity, and other hypothesized predictors.

Methods: We pooled data from the annual National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) over the years 2001 through 2018. We tested hypotheses of association and identified predictors using stepwise logistic regression analysis, and 11 supervised machine learning classification algorithms.

Results: After appropriate weighting, we estimated that among adults in the USA aged 20 + years with previously diagnosed T2DM, the prevalence of early-onset was 52.9% (95% confidence intervals, 49.6 to 56.2%). Among Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) the prevalence was 48.6% (95% CI, 44.6 to 52.6%), among Non-Hispanic Blacks: 56.9% (95% CI, 51.8 to 62.0%), among Hispanics: 62.7% (95% CI, 53.2 to 72.3%). In the final multivariable logistic regression model, the top-3 markers predicting early-onset T2DM in males were NHB ethnicity (OR = 2.97; 95% CI: 2.24-3.95) > tobacco smoking (OR = 2.79; 95% CI: 2.18-3.58) > high education level (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.27-2.14) in males. In females, the ranking was tobacco smoking (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.90-3.53) > Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.08-2.05) > obesity (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 0.91-1.86) in females. The acculturation score emerged from the machine learning approach as the dominant marker explaining the race disparity in early-onset T2DM.

Conclusions: The prevalence of early-onset T2DM was higher among NHB and Hispanic people, than among NHW people. Independently of race/ethnicity, acculturation, tobacco smoking, education level, marital status, obesity, and hypertension were also predictive.

Keywords: Early type 2 diabetes mellitus; Machine learning; Mutual information; Race/ethnicity; Stepwise logistic regression.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics Approval/Consent to Participate/Consent for Publication: This is an observational study. The NCHS Ethics Review Board (ERB) has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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