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. 2024 Jan 9;4(2):106-125.
doi: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00057. eCollection 2024 Mar 20.

Visible-Light-Driven Mentha spicata L.-Mediated Ag-Doped Bi2Zr2O7 Nanocomposite for Enhanced Degradation of Organic Pollutants, Electrochemical Sensing, and Antibacterial Applications

Kurlla Pompapathi  1   2 , Kurupalya Shivram Anantharaju  1   3 , Periyakaruppan Karuppasamy  3 , Meena Subramaniam  3 , Bogegowda Uma  3 , Surendra Boppanahalli Siddegowda  3 , Arpita Paul Chowdhury  3 , H C Ananda Murthy  4   5
Affiliations

Visible-Light-Driven Mentha spicata L.-Mediated Ag-Doped Bi2Zr2O7 Nanocomposite for Enhanced Degradation of Organic Pollutants, Electrochemical Sensing, and Antibacterial Applications

Kurlla Pompapathi et al. ACS Environ Au. .

Abstract

Novel visible-light-driven Ag (X)-doped Bi2Zr2O7 (BZO) nanocomposites in pudina (P) extract (Mentha spicata L.), X-1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mol %, were synthesized by the one-pot greener solution combustion method. The as-synthesized nanocomposite materials were characterized by using various spectral [X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared, UV-visible, UV- diffuse reflectance spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy], electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and analytical (scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) techniques. The average particle size of the nanocomposite material was found to be between 14.8 and 39.2 nm by XRD. The well-characterized Ag-doped BZOP nanocomposite materials exhibited enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity toward hazardous dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB) under visible light irradiation ranges between 400 and 800 nm due to their low energy band gap. As a result, 7 mol % of Ag-doped BZOP nanocomposite material exhibited excellent photodegradation activity against MB (D.E. = 98.7%) and RB (D.E. = 99.3%) as compared to other Ag-doped BZOP nanocomposite materials and pure BZOP nanocomposite, respectively, due to enhanced semiconducting and optical behaviors, high binding energy, and mechanical and thermal stabilities. The Ag-doped BZOP nanocomposite material-based electrochemical sensor showed good sensing ability toward the determination of lead nitrate and dextrose with the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 18 μM and 12 μM, respectively. Furthermore, as a result of the initial antibacterial screening study, the Ag-doped BZOP nanocomposite material was found to be more effective against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) as compared to Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The scavenger study reveals that radicals such as O2•- and •OH are responsible for MB and RB mineralization. TOC removal percentages were found to be 96.8 and 98.5% for MB and RB dyes, and experimental data reveal that the Ag-doped BZOP enhances the radical (O2•- and •OH) formation and MB and RB degradation under visible-light irradiation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FTIR spectra of the as-synthesized BZOP and different mol % (1–9 mol %) of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterials.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XRD patterns of the as-synthesized BZOP (a) and different mol % (b–f) (1–9 mol %) of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterials.
Figure 3
Figure 3
TEM images (a–c) of BZOP and Ag-doped BZOP; HRTEM image (d); SAED pattern (e); and size distribution histogram plot (f) of Ag-doped BZOP.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) UV–visible DRS, (b) Tauc plot between photon energy [(hν), eV] and [αhν]1/2 of BZOP and different mol % (1–9 mol %) of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterials.
Figure 5
Figure 5
XPS spectra of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial. (a) XPS wide spectrum, (b) high-resolution Bi 4f spectrum, (c) high-resolution Zr 3d spectra, (d) high-resolution O 1s spectrum, (e) high-resolution C 1s spectrum, and (f) high-resolution Ag 3d spectrum.
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM images of (a) BZOP, (b) 1 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, (c) 3 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, (d) 5 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, (e) 7 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, and (f) 9 mol % Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterials.
Figure 7
Figure 7
EDX spectra of (a1) BZOP, (b1) 1 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, (c1) 3 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, (d1) 5 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, (e1) 7 mol % Ag-doped BZOP, and (f1) 9 mol % Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterials.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) CVs of BZOP and Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial-modified electrodes at the scan rate of 0.02 V s–1, (b) CVs of 7 mol % of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial-modified electrode at different scan rates (0.01–0.05 mV/s), and (c) EIS spectra of BZOP and Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial-modified electrodes. Potentials are measured to the calomel electrode as the reference electrode.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) Comparative GCD curves of BZOP and (b) 7 mol % Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial-modified graphite electrodes at a current density of 1 A/g. (c) stability of 7 mol % Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial-modified graphite electrode.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Photocatalytic degradation of MB in the presence of BZOP nanomaterial and different mol % (1–9 mol %) of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial photocatalysts for different time intervals (0–90 min).
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) Plots of C0/Ct vs irradiation time (in min), (b) plots of ln C0/Ct vs irradiation time (in min) for the photodegradation of MB in the presence of BZOP nanomaterial and different mol % (1–9 mol %) of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial photocatalysts for different time intervals (0–90 min) under visible-light irradiation.
Figure 12
Figure 12
(a) Plots of C0/Ct vs irradiation time (in min), (b) plots of ln C0/Ct vs irradiation time (in min) for the photodegradation of RB in the presence of BZOP nanomaterial and different mol % (1–9 mol %) of Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial photocatalysts for different time intervals (0–90 min) under visible-light irradiation.
Figure 13
Figure 13
(a) CV curves of lead nitrate sensing activity, (b) CV curves of dextrose sensing activity for different concentrations of lead nitrate and dextrose (1–5 mM) in 0.1 N KCl electrolyte over 7 mol % Ag-doped BZOP-modified graphite electrode at a scan rate of 50 mV/s.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Inhibition zones of (a) S. typhi and (b) S. aureus for the BZOP sample; (c) S. aureus and (d) S. typhi for Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterials; and (e) S. aureus and (f) S. typhi for control (tetracycline).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Bar diagram of the influence of radical scavengers (IPA, AO, and AA) for the degradation of dyes.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Cycle stability (five cycles) and reusability of the Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial photocatalyst.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Percentage of TOC removal of (a) RB and (b) MB with 7 mol % Ag-doped BZOP under visible-light irradiation at different time intervals (0–90 min).
Figure 18
Figure 18
Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of MB and RB dyes using Ag-doped BZOP nanomaterial photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Growth of green gram seeds in tap water [control (C)], MB and RB dye-contaminated untreated (UT) water, and Ag-doped BZOP photocatalyst-treated (PT) water for the period of 3 (a,b), 6 (c,d), and 10 days (e,f) respectively.
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