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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Mar 27;3(3):CD011851.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011851.pub3.

Mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Julie Redfern  1   2 , Qiang Tu  1 , Karice Hyun  1   3 , Matthew A Hollings  1 , Nashid Hafiz  1 , Clara Zwack  1 , Caroline Free  4 , Pablo Perel  4 , Clara K Chow  5   6
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Julie Redfern et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, accounting for almost 18 million deaths annually. People with CVDs have a five times greater chance of suffering a recurrent cardiovascular event than people without known CVDs. Although drug interventions have been shown to be cost-effective in reducing the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, adherence to medication remains suboptimal. As a scalable and cost-effective approach, mobile phone text messaging presents an opportunity to convey health information, deliver electronic reminders, and encourage behaviour change. However, it is uncertain whether text messaging can improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes. This is an update of a Cochrane review published in 2017.

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of mobile phone text messaging for improving medication adherence in people with CVDs compared to usual care.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, four other databases, and two trial registers. We also checked the reference lists of all primary included studies and relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The date of the latest search was 30 August 2023.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with participants with established arterial occlusive events. We included trials investigating interventions using short message service (SMS) or multimedia messaging service (MMS) with the aim of improving adherence to medication for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. The comparator was usual care. We excluded cluster-RCTs and quasi-RCTs.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were medication adherence, fatal cardiovascular events, non-fatal cardiovascular events, and combined CVD event. Secondary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the effect of statins, blood pressure for antihypertensive drugs, heart rate for the effect of beta-blockers, urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 for the antiplatelet effects of aspirin, adverse effects, and patient-reported experience. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.

Main results: We included 18 RCTs involving a total of 8136 participants with CVDs. We identified 11 new studies in the review update and seven studies in the previous version of the review. Participants had various CVDs including acute coronary syndrome, coronary heart disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and angina. All studies were conducted in middle- and high-income countries, with no studies conducted in low-income countries. The mean age of participants was 53 to 64 years. Participants were recruited from hospitals or cardiac rehabilitation facilities. Follow-up ranged from one to 12 months. There was variation in the characteristics of text messages amongst studies (e.g. delivery method, frequency, theoretical grounding, content used, personalisation, and directionality). The content of text messages varied across studies, but generally included medication reminders and healthy lifestyle information such as diet, physical activity, and weight loss. Text messages offered advice, motivation, social support, and health education to promote behaviour changes and regular medication-taking. We assessed risk of bias for all studies as high, as all studies had at least one domain at unclear or high risk of bias. Medication adherence Due to different evaluation score systems and inconsistent definitions applied for the measurement of medication adherence, we did not conduct meta-analysis for medication adherence. Ten out of 18 studies showed a beneficial effect of mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence compared to usual care, whereas the other eight studies showed either a reduction or no difference in medication adherence with text messaging compared to usual care. Overall, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence when compared to usual care. Fatal cardiovascular events Text messaging may have little to no effect on fatal cardiovascular events compared to usual care (odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 1.45; 4 studies, 1654 participants; low-certainty evidence). Non-fatal cardiovascular events We found very low-certainty evidence that text messaging may have little to no effect on non-fatal cardiovascular events. Two studies reported non-fatal cardiovascular events, neither of which found evidence of a difference between groups. Combined CVD events We found very low-certainty evidence that text messaging may have little to no effect on combined CVD events. Only one study reported combined CVD events, and did not find evidence of a difference between groups. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Text messaging may have little to no effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to usual care (mean difference (MD) -1.79 mg/dL, 95% CI -4.71 to 1.12; 8 studies, 4983 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Blood pressure Text messaging may have little to no effect on systolic blood pressure (MD -0.93 mmHg, 95% CI -3.55 to 1.69; 8 studies, 5173 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and diastolic blood pressure (MD -1.00 mmHg, 95% CI -2.49 to 0.50; 5 studies, 3137 participants; very low-certainty evidence) when compared to usual care. Heart rate Text messaging may have little to no effect on heart rate compared to usual care (MD -0.46 beats per minute, 95% CI -1.74 to 0.82; 4 studies, 2946 participants; very low-certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: Due to limited evidence, we are uncertain if text messaging reduces medication adherence, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, and combined cardiovascular events in people with cardiovascular diseases when compared to usual care. Furthermore, text messaging may result in little or no effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and heart rate compared to usual care. The included studies were of low methodological quality, and no studies assessed the effects of text messaging in low-income countries or beyond the 12-month follow-up. Long-term and high-quality randomised trials are needed, particularly in low-income countries.

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Conflict of interest statement

JR holds a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Fellowship (investigator‐initiated), which supports part of her salary that includes academic time spent working on this review; and an NHMRC Synergy Grant, paid to institution. JR was one of the authors of Chow 2015 and Chow 2022. JR was not involved in assessing the eligibility of the studies, extracting data, or assessing risk of bias or the certainty of the evidence for this review update. These tasks were performed by two independent review authors (QT, NH). Chow 2015 was supported by grants from the National Heart Foundation of Australia Grant‐in‐Aid (G10S5110) and a BUPA Foundation Grant. Chow 2022 was supported by the NHMRC (APP1042290). JR retained complete control over the design, methods, data analysis, and reporting of both studies. JR did not receive the funds personally for either study and did not benefit financially from the payment or have access to or control of the funds. JR reports a trademark for the TEXTCARE software that delivers text message programmes for research, which is owned by the University of Sydney. It is not patented and was not used to deliver any of the research projects for this Cochrane review. JR has not benefitted financially from the trademark, and the University of Sydney does not intend to commercialise it.

QT: none known.

KH reports a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council, which is a government‐funded fellowship and is not related to the topic. KH retains complete control over all study designs, methods, data analysis, and reporting related to her grant.

MH: none known.

NH: none known.

CZ: none known.

CF is a former editor of Cochrane Heart but was not an editor of Cochrane Heart in the 36 months prior to this review update. CF was not involved in the editorial process for this review. CF was also involved in a study eligible for inclusion in the review (Bermon 2021). The study was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (code: 656672553352; grants 899‐2015 and 753 de 2016); Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca; UK Medical Research Council Funded Reference (reference number: MR/N021304/1); and the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Bucaramanga. However, CF was not involved in assessing the eligibility of the study, extracting data, or assessing risk of bias or the certainty of the evidence for this review update; these tasks were performed by two independent review authors (QT, NH). CF’s institution did not receive any payments for this study, and CF had complete control over the study design, methods, data analysis, and reporting.

PP has published an opinion on the topic of text messaging, Adler 2018, and several editorials, but these were unrelated to the current review. PP is affiliated with the World Heart Federation, and was and remains affiliated to London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, but the organisation received no financial contribution for PP's work on this Cochrane review and had no involvement in the protocol or published work. PP is a former editorial advisor of the Cochrane Heart Group and was not involved in the editorial process for this review update. PP was also involved in the Bermon 2021 study, which was eligible for inclusion in the review. The study was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (code: 656672553352; grants 899‐2015 and 753 de 2016); Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca; and UK Medical Research Council Funded Reference (reference number: MR/N021304/1). However, PP was not involved in assessing the eligibility of the study, extracting data, or assessing risk of bias or the certainty of the evidence for this review update; these tasks were performed by two independent review authors (QT, NH). PP’s institution did not receive any payments for this study, and PP had complete control over the study design, methods, data analysis, and reporting.

CKC was one of the authors of Chow 2015 and Chow 2022. CKC was not involved in assessing the eligibility of the studies, extracting data, or assessing risk of bias or the certainty of the evidence for this review update. These tasks were performed by two independent review authors (QT, NH). Chow 2015 was supported by grants from the National Heart Foundation of Australia Grant‐in‐Aid (G10S5110) and a BUPA Foundation Grant. Chow 2022 was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (APP1042290). CKC was the Principal Investigator for both of these studies, and, as such, payments were made to her institution, University of Sydney, for delivery of the research projects (such as paying research assistants and to perform measurements and analyses). However, both studies were investigator‐initiated, and CKC received no direct financial gain and retained complete control over the study design, methods, data analysis, and reporting. CKC holds an NHMRC Fellowship (investigator‐initiated), which supports part of her salary that includes academic time spent working on this review; paid to institution, but CKC benefitted or had control over the funds. CKC is a Cardiologist at Westmead Hospital in Australia. CKC reports a trademark for the TEXTCARE software that delivers text message programmes for research, which is owned by the University of Sydney. It is not patented and was not used to deliver any of the research projects for this Cochrane review. CKC has not benefitted financially from the trademark, and the University of Sydney does not intend to commercialise it. CKC has also published an opinion piece on the topic of text messaging (Klimis 2021).

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 1: Fatal cardiovascular events
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 2: Fatal cardiovascular events: sensitivity analysis using fixed‐effect model
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 3: Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 4: Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol: sensitivity analysis using fixed‐effect model
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 5: Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol: sensitivity analysis excluding studies with high risk of bias
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 6: Systolic blood pressure
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 7: Systolic blood pressure: sensitivity analysis using fixed‐effect model
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 8: Systolic blood pressure: sensitivity of analysis excluding studies with high risk of bias
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 9: Systolic blood pressure: sensitivity analysis excluding outlier
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 10: Diastolic blood pressure
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 11: Diastolic blood pressure: sensitivity analysis using fixed‐effect model
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 12: Diastolic blood pressure: sensitivity analysis excluding studies with high risk of bias
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 13: Heart rate
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 14: Heart rate: sensitivity analysis using fixed‐effect model
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Text messaging versus usual care, Outcome 15: Heart rate: sensitivity analysis excluding studies with high risk of bias
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Bae 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bae JW, Woo SI, Lee J, Park SD, Kwon SW, Choi SH, et al. mHealth interventions for lifestyle and risk factor modification in coronary heart disease: randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021;9(9):e29928. [DOI: 10.2196/29928] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. KCT0005087. Effect of text messaging program on lifestyle and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do/19282 (first received 11 September 2019).
Bermon 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bermon A, Uribe AF, Pérez-Rivero PF, Prieto-Merino D, Saaibi JF, Silva FA, et al. Efficacy and safety of text messages targeting adherence to cardiovascular medications in secondary prevention: TXT2HEART Colombia randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021;9(7):e25548. [DOI: 10.2196/25548] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bermon A, Uribe-Rodríguez AF, Pérez-Rivero PF, Prieto-Merino D, Rivera DIC, Guio E, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of text messages targeting adherence to cardiovascular medications in secondary prevention: the txt2heart Colombia randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2019;9:e028017. [DOI: 10.1136/ bmjopen-2018-028017] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03098186. TXT2HEART COLOMBIA: evaluation of the efficacy and safety of text messages to improve adherence to cardiovascular medications in secondary prevention [TXT2HEART COLOMBIA: evaluation of the efficacy and safety of text messages to improve adherence to cardiovascular medications in secondary prevention]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03098186 (first received 3 March 2017).
Chen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chen C, Li X, Kang Y, Liu H, Liang YD, Zhang Q. Post-discharge short service message improves short-term clinical outcome and self-care behavior in Chinese patients with chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal 2018;39(Suppl 1):797-8. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy563.P3770] - DOI
    1. Chen C, Li X, Sun L, Cao S, Kang Y, Hong L, et al. Post-discharge short message service improves short-term clinical outcome and self-care behaviour in chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Failure 2019;6(1):164-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12380] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. ChiCTR-INR-17012316. Effect of post-discharge text messages on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure [Effect of post-discharge text messages on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure]. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-INR-17012316 (first received 9 August 2018).
    1. Li X, Chen C, You GY, Zhang Q. Post-discharge text messaging intervention improved clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. European Heart Journal 2016;37(Suppl 1):727-8. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw433] - DOI
Chow 2015 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000161921. Tobacco, EXercise and dieT MEssages (TEXT ME): the effect of semi-personalised lifestyle reminder text message intervention on cardiovascular disease risk [Tobacco, EXercise and dieT MEssages (TEXT ME): The effect of a semi-personalised lifestyle reminder text message intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with cardiovascular disease and those who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=ACTRN12611000161921 (first received 3 February 2011).
    1. Chow CK, Redfern J, Hillis GS, Thakkar J, Santo K, Hackett ML, et al. Effect of lifestyle-focused text messaging on risk factor modification in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;314(12):1255-63. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.10945] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chow CK, Redfern J, Thiagalingam A, Jan S, Whittaker R, Hackett M, et al. Design and rationale of the tobacco, exercise and diet messages (TEXT ME) trial of a text message-based intervention for ongoing prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with coronary disease: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2012;2(1):e000606. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000606] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Redfern J, Santo K, Coorey G, Thakkar J, Hackett M, Thiagalingam A, et al. Factors influencing engagement, perceived usefulness and behavioral mechanisms associated with a text message support program. PLOS ONE 2016;11(10):e0163929. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163929] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Thakkar J, Redfern J, De Keizer L, Thiagalingam A, Chow C. Patient perceptions of text message-based intervention for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Heart, Lung and Circulation 2013;22(Suppl 1):S264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.05.630] - DOI
Chow 2022 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000793718. TEXT messages to improve MEDication adherence & Secondary prevention – TEXTMEDS [TEXT messages to improve MEDication adherence & Secondary prevention in patients with acute coronary syndrome - TEXTMEDS]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=364448&isReview... (first received 18 June 2013).
    1. Chow CK, Klimis H, Thiagalingam A, Redfern J, Hillis GS, Brieger D, et al. Text messages to improve medication adherence and secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome: the TEXTMEDS randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2022;145(19):1443-55. [DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056161] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chow CK, Thiagalingam A, Santo K, Kok C, Thakkar J, Stepien S, et al. TEXT messages to improve MEDication adherence and Secondary prevention (TEXTMEDS) after acute coronary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open 2018;8:e019463. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019463] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dale 2015a {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000901707. Text4Heart: a text message and internet-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation intervention [A randomised controlled trial to determine the efficacy of a text message and Internet-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation programme to improve adherence to lifestyle change compared with usual care in New Zealand adults with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12613000901707.aspx (first received 9 August 2013).
    1. Dale LP, Whittaker R, Jiang Y, Stewart R, Rolleston A, Maddison R. Improving coronary heart disease self-management using mobile technologies (Text4Heart): a randomised controlled trial protocol. Trials 2014;15(71):1-9. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-71] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dale LP, Whittaker R, Jiang Y, Stewart R, Rolleston A, Maddison R. Text message and internet support for coronary heart disease self-management: results from the Text4Heart randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(10):e237. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4944] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fang R, Li X. Electronic messaging support service programs improve adherence to lipid-lowering therapy among outpatients with coronary artery disease: an exploratory randomised control study. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2016;25(5-6):664-71. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12988] - DOI - PubMed
Huo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Huo X, Krumholz HM, Bai X, Spatz ES, Ding Q, Horak P, et al. Effects of mobile text messaging on glycemic control in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2019;12(9):e005805. [DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005805] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT02883842. Cardiovascular Health and Text Messaging-Diabetes Mellitus (CHAT-DM) Study [Effectiveness of text messaging on risk factors control and medication adherence among patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes in China: cardiovascular health andtext messaging-Diabetes Mellitus (CHAT-DM) study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02883842 (first received 30 August 2016).
Kamal 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kamal AK, Shaik QN, Pasha O, Azam I, Islam M, Memon AA, et al. Improving medication adherence in stroke patients through Short Text Messages (SMS4Stroke)-study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2015;15:157. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0413-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kamal AK, Shaikh Q, Pasha O, Azam I, Islam M, Memon AA, et al. A randomized controlled behavioral intervention trial to improve medication adherence in adult stroke patients with prescription tailored short messaging service (SMS)-SMS4Stroke study. BMC Neurolology 2015;15:212. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0471-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Khonsari 2015 {published data only}
    1. Khonsari S, Subramanian P, Chinna K, Latif LA, Ling LW, Gholami O. Effect of a reminder system using an automated short message service on medication adherence following acute coronary syndrome. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2015;14(2):170-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1474515114521910] - DOI - PubMed
Maddison 2021 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616000422426. Text4Heart Partnership: a text messaging program to enhance self-management of cardiovascular disease [Text messaging to enhance self-management of cardiovascular disease]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12616000422426 (first received 23 March 2016).
    1. Maddison R, Jiang Y, Stewart R, Scott T, Kerr A, Whittaker R, et al. An intervention to improve medication adherence in people with heart disease (Text4HeartII): randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021;9(6):e24952. [DOI: 10.2196/24952] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Maddison R, Stewart R, Doughty R, Scott T, Kerr A, Benatar J, et al. Text4Heart II - improving medication adherence in people with heart disease: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):70. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2468-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ni 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT02793830. A mobile phone based medication reminder program [A mobile phone based medication reminder program for patients in China with coronary heart disease: a pilot study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02793830 (first received 8 June 2016).
    1. Ni Z, Wu B, Yang Q, Yan LL, Liu C, Shaw RJ. An mHealth intervention to improve medication adherence and health outcomes among patients with coronary heart disease: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(3):e27202. [DOI: 10.2196/27202] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pandey 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02783287. The impact of text messaging on medication adherence and exercise regimen among post-myocardial infarction patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02783287 (first received 26 May 2016).
    1. Pandey A, Choudhry N. An m-health application of daily text messages to address forgetfulness as contributor to non-adherence to medications post-myocardial infarction. Circulation 2015;132:A18641. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.18641] - DOI
    1. Pandey A, Krumme AA, Patel T, Choudhry NK. The impact of text messaging on medication adherence and exercise among postmyocardial infarction patients: randomized controlled pilot trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2017;5(8):e110. [DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.7144] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pandey AK, Choudhry N. Text message reminders to address medication non-adherence in post-MI patients: a one year intervention study. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2014;30(10):S179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.280] - DOI
Park 2014a {published data only}
    1. Park LG, Howie-Esquivel J, Chung M, Dracup K. A text messaging intervention improves medication adherence for patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2013;128(Suppl 22):A15249. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.128.suppl_22.A15249] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Park LG, Howie-Esquivel J, Chung ML, Dracup K. A text messaging intervention to promote medication adherence for patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2014;94(2):261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.027] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Park LG, Howie-Esquivel J, Whooley MA, Dracup K. Psychosocial factors and medication adherence among patients with coronary heart disease: a text messaging intervention. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2015;14(3):264-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1474515114537024] - DOI - PubMed
Passaglia 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT03414190. Impact of text messages to promote secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome [Impact of a mobile phone text messages intervention on the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndrome]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03414190 (first received 29 January 2018).
    1. Passaglia LG, Brant LC, Nascimento BR, Ribeiro AL. Impact of text messages in a middle-income country to promote secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome (IMPACS): a randomized trial. Medicine 2019;98(22):e15681. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015681] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Passaglia LG, Brant LC, Silva JL, Nascimento BR, Ribeiro AL. Text messages to promote secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome (IMPACS trial). International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences 2021;35(2):202-13. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20200378] - DOI
Quilici 2013 {published data only}
    1. Quilici J, Fugon L, Beguin S, Morange PE, Bonnet JL, Alessi MC, et al. Effect of motivational mobile phone short message service on aspirin adherence after coronary stenting for acute coronary syndrome. International Journal of Cardiology 2013;168(1):568-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.252] - DOI - PubMed
Ross 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT02336919. The use of texting messaging to improve the hospital-to-community transition period in cardiovascular disease patients (Txt2Prevent) [The use of texting messaging to improve the hospital-to-community transition and prevent readmission in patients with cardiovascular disease (Txt2Prevent)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02336919 (first received 13 January 2015).
    1. Ross ES, Sakakibara BM, Mackay MH, Whitehurst DG, Singer J, Toma M, et al. The use of SMS text messaging to improve the hospital-to-community transition in patients with acute coronary syndrome (Txt2Prevent): results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021;9(5):e24530. [DOI: 10.2196/24530] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ross ES, Sakakibara BM, Mackay MH, Whitehurst DG, Singer J, Toma M, et al. The use of text messaging to improve the hospital-to-community transition in acute coronary syndrome patients (Txt2Prevent): intervention development and pilot randomized controlled trial protocol. JMIR Research Protocols 2017;6(5):e91. [DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6968] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zheng 2019 {published data only}
    1. Huo X, Spatz ES, Ding Q, Horak P, Zheng X, Masters C, et al. Design and rationale of the Cardiovascular Health and Text Messaging (CHAT) study and the CHAT-Diabetes Mellitus (CHAT-DM) study: two randomised controlled trials of text messaging to improve secondary prevention for coronary heart disease and diabetes. BMJ Open 2017;7(12):e018302. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018302] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zheng X, Spatz ES, Bai X, Huo X, Ding Q, Horak P, et al. Effect of text messaging on risk factor management in patients with coronary heart disease: the CHAT randomized clinical trial. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2019;12(4):e005616. [DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005616] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Acevedo 2023 {published data only}
    1. Acevedo M, Varleta P, Casas-Cordero C, Berríos A, Navarrete C, Valentino G, et al. Mobile-phone text messaging to promote ideal cardiovascular health in women. Open Heart 2023;10(1):e002214. [DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-002214] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Akhu‐Zaheya 2017 {published data only}
    1. Akhu-Zaheya LM, Shiyab WY. The effect of short message system (SMS) reminder on adherence to a healthy diet, medication, and cessation of smoking among adult patients with cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2017;98:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.12.003] - DOI - PubMed
Brar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Brar Prayaga R, Jeong EW, Feger E, Noble HK, Kmiec M, Prayaga RS. Improving refill adherence in Medicare patients with tailored and interactive mobile text messaging: pilot study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2018;6(1):e30. [DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.8930] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Carrillo 2021 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12621000754842 {published data only}
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