Metaphedrone (3-Methylmethcathinone): Pharmacological, Clinical, and Toxicological Profile

Abstract

Introduction: Synthetic cathinones are a group of novel psychoactive substances used as an alternative to classical recreational drugs. As a result of legal prohibitions on older generations of these compounds, new formulations appeared on the drug market. One of them is metaphedrone (3-methylmethcathinone, 3-MMC), a structural isomer of 4-methylmethcathinone and a psychostimulant drug. Metaphedrone became popular in a large number of countries in a short period of time. The aim: The collection, analysis, and review of relevant research on the subject of metaphedrone in order to present information about the pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological profile of this compound. An assessment of the significance and role of metaphedrone in consumption patterns of novel psychoactive substances among recreational drug users. Methodology: By using search engines like Google Scholar and PubMed, the relevant literature on metaphedrone was looked for and analyzed. The search was not limited to a specific period of time. All information regarding the compound of interest was analyzed and presented. Key results and discussion: All novel psychoactive substances are abused due to their pronounced stimulatory, hallucinogenic, dissociative, and euphoric and/or relaxing characteristics. Users of 3-methylmethcathinone usually opt for this substance for recreational purposes and/or sexual stimulation. Metaphedrone has the potential to cause a psychological dependence to the users. It was determined in relevant studies that most users are from 17 to 50 years of age. Older users usually administer metaphedrone intravenously, while younger ones usually choose snorting and oral ingestion of the drug. In Serbia, metaphedrone is a legally controlled substance. The pharmacodynamic properties make metaphedrone similar to classical recreational drugs. The method of administration, mainly repeated administration in a single session, could be explained using the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. The most reported symptoms of intoxication were those of a sympathomimetic nature, such as tachycardia, chest pain, hypertension, diaphoresis, and agitation. Most intoxications and fatal outcomes occurred to users who combined several psychoactive substances. The correlation between measured blood concentrations of the drug and outcomes of intoxication was not found. The mechanisms of metaphedrone's toxicity are not fully understood. Conclusions: There is an increasing trend of abuse of metaphedrone among recreational drugs users. Future studies should focus on pharmacological and toxicological effects of metaphedrone on animals and humans.

Keywords: 3-MMC; 3-methylmethcathinone; intoxication; metaphedrone; synthetic cathinones.

Figure 1

Cathinone [10].

Figure 2

Mephedrone [10].

Figure 3

Metaphedrone [10].

Figure 4

The qualities of the paper that were relevant for the decision on including or rejecting the studies. Note: an exception was made to the third exclusion criterion regarding references No. 44 and 50 due to the information that was relevant to the topic. Created online at: https://lucid.app/. URL (accessed on 27 February 2024).

Figure 5

Mechanism of action of metaphedrone. Legend: 3-MMC-3-methylmethcathinone; NET-norepinephrine transporter; DAT-dopamine transporter; SERT-serotonine transporter; 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C-serotonine (5-hydroxytriptamine) receptor subtypes. Created online at: https://lucid.app/. URL (accessed on 27 February 2024).