Oxidative Stress: The Role of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases

Abstract

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance favouring oxidants over antioxidants, is a key contributor to the development of various common diseases. Counteracting these oxidants is considered an effective strategy to mitigate the levels of oxidative stress in organisms. Numerous studies have indicated an inverse correlation between the consumption of vegetables and fruits and the risk of chronic diseases, attributing these health benefits to the presence of antioxidant phytochemicals in these foods. Phytochemicals, present in a wide range of foods and medicinal plants, play a pivotal role in preventing and treating chronic diseases induced by oxidative stress by working as antioxidants. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anticancer, and protective properties against cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and neurodegenerative conditions. This comprehensive review delves into the significance of these compounds in averting and managing chronic diseases, elucidating the key sources of these invaluable elements. Additionally, it provides a summary of recent advancements in understanding the health benefits associated with antioxidant phytochemicals.

Keywords: antioxidant phytochemicals; chronic disease; free radicals; health benefits; polyphenols.

Figure 1

Classification of dietary antioxidant phytochemicals.

Figure 2

Chemical structures of some phytochemical polyphenol antioxidants featuring a basic phenolic (benzene) ring with two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. These bioactive compounds act as antioxidants and are recognized as modulators of epigenetic gene expression regulation.

Figure 3

Chemical structures representative of the most active carotenoids present in fruits and vegetables, and in the human body.

Figure 4

Chemical structure of polyphenols with protective effects and health benefits.