PEMFC model identification using a squeezenet developed by modified transient search optimization algorithm

Abstract

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are promising sources of clean and renewable energy, but their performance and efficiency depend on an accurate modeling and identification of their system parameters. However, existing methods for PEMFC modeling suffer from drawbacks, such as slow convergence, high computational cost, and low accuracy. To address these challenges, this research work proposes an enhanced approach that combines a modified version of the SqueezeNet model, a deep learning architecture that reduces the number of parameters and computations, and a new optimization algorithm called the Modified Transient Search Optimization (MTSO) Algorithm, which improves the exploration and exploitation abilities of the search process. The proposed approach is applied to model the output voltage of the PEMFC under different operating conditions, and the results are compared with empirical data and two other state-of-the-art methods: Gated Recurrent Unit and Improved Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (GRU/IMRFO) and Grey Neural Network Model integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization (GNNM/PSO). The comparison shows that the proposed approach achieves the lowest Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) and the highest accuracy, demonstrating its superiority and effectiveness in PEMFC modeling. The proposed approach can facilitate the optimal design, control, and monitoring of PEMFC systems in various applications.

Keywords: Model identification; Modified transient search optimization algorithm; Output voltage; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells; Squeezenet; Sum of squared error.

Fig. 1

Generalized representation of a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell.

Fig. 2

Fire module of the SqueezeNet.

Fig. 3

Diagram for Squeeze Net's configuration.

Fig. 4

Second order circuit (RLC).

Fig. 5

Transient response of second-order and first-order circuits.$Completeresponse=Transientresponse+Finalresponse$$\frac{d}{dt}x\left(t\right)+\frac{x\left(t\right)}{\mathcal{T}}=G$$x\left(t\right)=x\left(f\right)+\left(x\left(I\right)-x\left(f\right)\right)e^{\frac{-1}{\mathcal{T}}}$

Fig. 6

Exploitation and exploration process.

Fig. 7

Model determination of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell using a MTSO-based SqueezeNet.

Fig. 8

Learning error profile of the data samples used in determining the PEM Fuel Cell characteristics.

Fig. 9

Error profiles during the verification process: (A) 3/5 bar and 353.15 K, (B) 1.1 bar and 343.15 K, (C) 2.5 bar and 343.15 K, and (D) 1.5/1.5 bar and 343.15 K.

Fig. 9

Error profiles during the verification process: (A) 3/5 bar and 353.15 K, (B) 1.1 bar and 343.15 K, (C) 2.5 bar and 343.15 K, and (D) 1.5/1.5 bar and 343.15 K.

Fig. 10

Polarization profiles of the four functional conditions that were analyzed using the proposed MTSO-based SqueezeNet model.