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Review
. 2024 Mar 29;103(13):e37567.
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037567.

Advancements and progress in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A Review of pathophysiology and treatment

Helen Ye Rim Huang  1 , Andrew Awuah Wireko  2 , Goshen David Miteu  3   4 , Adan Khan  5 , Sakshi Roy  6 , Tomas Ferreira  7 , Tulika Garg  8 , Narjiss Aji  9 , Faaraea Haroon  10 , Farida Zakariya  11 , Yasir Alshareefy  12 , Anushka Gurunath Pujari  1   13 , Djabir Madani  14 , Marios Papadakis  15
Affiliations
Review

Advancements and progress in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A Review of pathophysiology and treatment

Helen Ye Rim Huang et al. Medicine (Baltimore). .

Abstract

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic clinical condition characterized by arthritic features in children under the age of 16, with at least 6 weeks of active symptoms. The etiology of JIA remains unknown, and it is associated with prolonged synovial inflammation and structural joint damage influenced by environmental and genetic factors. This review aims to enhance the understanding of JIA by comprehensively analyzing relevant literature. The focus lies on current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and investigations into the pathoaetiologies using diverse research modalities, including in vivo animal models and large-scale genome-wide studies. We aim to elucidate the multifactorial nature of JIA with a strong focus towards genetic predilection, while proposing potential strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes and enhance diagnostic risk stratification in light of recent advancements. This review underscores the need for further research due to the idiopathic nature of JIA, its heterogeneous phenotype, and the challenges associated with biomarkers and diagnostic criteria. Ultimately, this contribution seeks to advance the knowledge and promote effective management strategies in JIA.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Clinical features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. By BioRender.com (2022). Anti-CCP = anti-cyclic citrullinated protein; CRP = c-reactive protein; ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate; RF = rheumatoid factor.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Pathophysiology and immune processes for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Adapted from “Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis II’’ by BioRender.com (2022). Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates. ACPA = anti-citrullinated protein antigen; APC = antigen-presenting cells; IFNγ = interferon gamma; IL = interleukin; RANKL = receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Pharmacological interventions in JIA. JAK = janus kinase; JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
The prospective advancements in JIA. AI = artificial intelligence; EHR, electronic health records; JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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