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Review
. 2022 Oct 17:23:100218.
doi: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100218. eCollection 2022 Nov.

Target heart rate in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and atrial fibrillation: Goldilocks zone

Kerrick Hesse  1
Affiliations
Review

Target heart rate in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and atrial fibrillation: Goldilocks zone

Kerrick Hesse. Am Heart J Plus. .

Abstract

The rates of atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) continue to grow with many patients suffering from their combined impact on quality of life and prognosis. A lower heart rate (HR) in HFrEF is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality due to beta-blocker and ivabradine therapy. Postulated mechanisms include reduced neurohumoral activation, increased diastolic filling time and myocardial energy conservation. In contrast, the landmark randomised controlled non-inferiority RACE II trial demonstrated that a lenient rate control strategy (target HR <110 beats per minute [bpm]) was more attainable and safer than a strict rate control strategy (resting HR <80 bpm) in permanent AF. Physiologically, a higher HR is needed to compensate for the lost 'atrial kick' that contributes to the cardiac output by coordinated atrial contractions in normal sinus rhythm. This leaves the not insignificant number of patients with HFrEF and AF in a conundrum over optimal HR control. Retrospective analyses of AF and HR control in landmark HFrEF trials (e.g. CHARM, PARADIGM and ATMOSPHERE) point towards better outcomes with a less stringent target HR. However, this association disappears after adjustment for known prognostic markers in HFrEF, including left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class and NT-proBNP levels. There is a clear need for dedicated randomised controlled trials, investigating rate control strategies in this increasingly large subgroup of patients. Regardless of rate control strategy, effective anti-coagulation and guideline-directed medical therapy must not be forgotten in the treatment of patients with HFrEF and AF.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; Outcomes; Rate control; Symptoms; Target heart rate.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The shared and synergistic pathophysiology of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. APD indicates action potential duration; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The relative clinical risk of AF and HFrEF according to heart rate. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; AV: atrioventricular; RVR: rapid ventricular response.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Treatment targets on the HFrEF-AF axis, including guideline-directed medical therapy, anticoagulation, catheter ablation and rate control. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; AVN: atrioventricular node; CRT: cardiac resynchronisation therapy; SGLT2i: sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; APD: action potential duration; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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