Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Apr 4;14(1):7901.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58555-0.

Optimization of cassava peel ash concrete using central composite design method

Uzoma Ibe Iro  1 , George Uwadiegwu Alaneme  2   3 , Imoh Christopher Attah  4 , Nakkeeran Ganasen  5 , Stellamaris Chinenye Duru  6 , Bamidele Charles Olaiya  7
Affiliations

Optimization of cassava peel ash concrete using central composite design method

Uzoma Ibe Iro et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Cassava peel ash (CPA) is an abundant agricultural byproduct that has shown promise as an additional cementitious material in concrete manufacturing. This research study aims to optimize the incorporation of CPA in concrete blends using the central composite design (CCD) methodology to determine the most effective combination of ingredients for maximizing concrete performance. The investigation involves a physicochemical analysis of CPA to assess its pozzolanic characteristics. Laboratory experiments are then conducted to assess the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete mixtures formulated with varying proportions of CPA, cement, and aggregates. The results show that a mix ratio of 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.4625 for cement, CPA, fine, and coarse aggregates, respectively, yields a maximum compressive strength of 28.51 MPa. Additionally, a maximum flexural strength of 10.36 MPa is achieved with a mix ratio of 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.525. The experimental data were used to develop quadratic predictive models, followed by statistical analyses. The culmination of the research resulted in the identification of an optimal concrete blend that significantly enhances both compressive and flexural strength. To ensure the reliability of the model, rigorous validation was conducted using student's t-test, revealing a strong correlation between laboratory findings and simulated values, with computed p-values of 0.9987 and 0.9912 for compressive and flexural strength responses, respectively. This study underscores the potential for enhancing concrete properties and reducing waste through the effective utilization of CPA in the construction sector.

Keywords: Agro-waste; Analysis of variance; Design expert; Response surface methodology.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ash samples derived from cassava peel.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FCCD diagrammatic illustration.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Experimental factor space.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Experimental factor space.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Cube standard error of design.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Particles size distribution of test ingredient.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Impact of the interaction between CPA and cement on (a) Compressive Strength and (b) Flexural Strength.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Residuals normal probability plots for the target responses.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Residuals vs. Predicted plots.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Residuals vs. Experimental Runs plots.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Box-cox plots for power transformation.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Surface Plot for OPC vs. CPA.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Surface Plot for Fine Aggregate. vs. CPA.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Surface Plot for Coarse Agg. vs. CPA.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Optimization ramps.
Figure 15
Figure 15
3D Surface Plot for the Optimization Solutions.
Figure 15
Figure 15
3D Surface Plot for the Optimization Solutions.
Figure 15
Figure 15
3D Surface Plot for the Optimization Solutions.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Actual vs. Model Predicted Responses.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Iro UI, Alaneme GU, Milad A, Olaiya BC, Otu ON, Isu EU, Amuzie MN. Optimization and simulation of saw dust ash concrete using extreme vertex design method. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2022 doi: 10.1155/2022/5082139. - DOI
    1. Abdellatief M, Mortagi M, Elrahman MA, Tahwia AM, Alluqmani AE, Alanazi H. Characterization and optimization of fresh and hardened properties of ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2023;19:e02549. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02549. - DOI
    1. Raheem S, Arubike E, Awogboro O. Effects of cassava peel ash (CPA) as alternative binder in concrete. Int. J. Constr. Res. Civil Eng. 2020;1(2):27–32.
    1. Schmidt W, Msinjili NS, Pirskawetz S, Kühne HC, et al. Efficiency of high performance concrete types incorporating bio-materials like rice husk ashes, cassava starch, lignosulfonate, and sisal fibres. In: Sonebi M, et al., editors. First International Conference on Bio-based Building Materials. RILEM; 2015.
    1. Alaneme George U, Elvis M. Modelling of the mechanical properties of concrete with cement ratio partially replaced by aluminium waste and sawdust ash using artificial neural network’. M. SN Appl. Sci. 2019;1:1514. doi: 10.1007/s42452-019-1504-2. - DOI