The relation between number line performance and mathematics outcomes: Two meta-analyses

Abstract

Understanding the magnitudes represented by numerals is a core component of early mathematical development and is often assessed by accuracy in situating numerals and fractions on a number line. Performance on these measures is consistently related to performance in other mathematics domains, but the strength of these relations may be overestimated because general cognitive ability has not been fully controlled in prior studies. The first of two meta-analyses (162 studies, 33,101 participants) confirmed a relation between performance on whole number (r = 0.33) and fractions number (r = 0.41) lines and overall mathematics performance. These relations were generally consistent across content domains (e.g., algebra and computation) and other moderators. The second (71 studies, 14,543 participants) used meta-analytic structural equation modeling to confirm these relations while controlling general cognitive ability (defined by IQ and working memory measures) and, in one analysis, general mathematics competence. The relation between number line performance and general mathematics competence remained significant but reduced (β = 0.13). Controlling general cognitive ability, whole number line performance consistently predicted competence with fractions but not performance on numeracy or computations measures. The results suggest an understanding of the magnitudes represented by whole numbers might be particularly important for students' fractions learning. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Two meta-analyses examined the link between the number line and mathematics performance. The first revealed significant relations across domains (e.g., algebra and computation). The second controlled for general cognitive ability and resulted in reduced but still significant relations. The relation between number line and fractions performance was stronger than relations to other domains.

Keywords: general cognitive ability; math performance; mathematics; number line.

FIGURE 1

Study selection process.

FIGURE 2

Path estimates from model M0. Note. NVIQ = nonverbal IQ; VIQ = verbal IQ; WM = working memory; WNL = whole number line; Bas = basic; Adv = advanced; num = early numeracy; Comp = computation; Fr = fractions. Bolded paths are significant.

FIGURE 3

Path estimates from follow up to model M0. Note. Bolded paths are significant. NVIQ = nonverbal IQ; VIQ = verbal IQ; WM = working memory; WNL = whole number line; Bas = basic; Adv = advanced; num = numeracy; Comp = computation; Fr = fractions.