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. 2024 Apr 6;14(1):8105.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58537-2.

Differential responses of Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) varieties to salt stress in relation to physiological and biochemical parameters

Arezoo Sadeghi  1 , Jamshid Razmjoo  1 , Hassan Karimmojeni  2 , Timothy C Baldwin  3
Affiliations

Differential responses of Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) varieties to salt stress in relation to physiological and biochemical parameters

Arezoo Sadeghi et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The response of 14 Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) varieties to salinity were evaluated in a field experiment over two growing seasons. Carotenoid, Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, proline and MDA content, CAT, APX and GPX activity and petal and seeds yields were determined in order to investigate the mechanism of salt tolerance exhibited by Hollyhock, and too identify salt tolerant varieties. Overall, the photosynthetic pigment content,petal and seed yields were reduced by salt stress. Whereas the proline and MDA content, and the CAT, APX and GPX activities increased as salt levels increased. However, the values of the measured traits were dependent upon the on the level of salt stress, the Varietie and the interaction between the two variables. Based upon the smallest reduction in petal yield, the Masouleh variety was shown to be the most salt tolerant, when grown under severe salt stress. However, based upon the smallest reduction in seed yield, Khorrmabad was the most tolerant variety to severe salt stress. These data suggest that the selection of more salt tolerant Hollyhock genotypes may be possible based upon the wide variation in tolerance to salinity exhibited by the varieties tested.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Heat map-based correlation analysis of all the measured physiological parameters, under control, moderate salt stress and severe salt stress conditions Correlations with r < 0.4, 0.5> r>0.4 and r>0.5 respectively means non-significant, significant at 5 and 1% probability level.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Projection (axis 1 and 2 of a principal component analysis) of Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, cartenoid, MDA, proline, antioxidant enzymes, petal yield and seed yield of the fourteen Hollyhock varieties (Isfahan, Khafr, Khomeini Shahr 1, Khomeini Shahr 2, Khorramabad, Mahallat, Mashhad, Masouleh, Qazvin, Saman, Shahin Shahr, Shiraz 1, Shiraz 2, and Tabriz) under control (a), and severe salinity stress (b) conditions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Hollyhock plants in bloom at the Lavark Research Farm, Isfahan University of Technology in the two growing seasons (a) 2019 and (b) 2020.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The floral phenotypes of the selected Hollyhock varieties used in the study presented (a), (b) and (c).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Hollyhock field at Lavark Research Farm, Isfahan University of Technology in the spring and autumn of 2020.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Meteorological information including temperature, precipitation, and minimum and maximum temperature during the years 2019 (a) and 2020 (b).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Different stages of plant growth and seed ripening.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Regrowth of Hollyhock plants in spring 2020.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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