Design and synthesis of novel imidazole-chalcone derivatives as microtubule protein polymerization inhibitors to treat cervical cancer and reverse cisplatin resistance

Abstract

Using the licochalcone moiety as a lead compound scaffold, 16 novel imidazole-chalcone derivatives were designed and synthesized as microtubule protein polymerization inhibitors. The proliferation inhibitory activities of the derivatives against SiHa (human cervical squamous cell carcinoma), C-33A (human cervical cancer), HeLa (human cervical cancer), HeLa/DDP (cisplatin-resistant human cervical cancer), and H8 (human cervical epithelial immortalized) cells were evaluated. Compound 5a exhibited significant anticancer activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.28 to 7.77 μM and a resistance index (RI) of 1.63, while showing minimal toxicity to normal H8 cells. When compound 5a was coadministered with cisplatin, the RI of cisplatin to HeLa/DDP cells decreased from 6.04 to 2.01, while compound 5a enhanced the fluorescence intensity of rhodamine 123 in HeLa/DDP cells. Further studies demonstrated that compound 5a arrested cells at the G₂/M phase, induced apoptosis, reduced colony formation, inhibited cell migration, and inhibited cell invasion. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that compound 5a decreased the immunofluorescence intensity of α-/β-tubulin in cancer cells, reduced the expression of polymerized α-/β-tubulin, and increased the expression of depolymerized α-/β-tubulin. Additionally, the molecular docking results demonstrate that compound 5a can interact with the tubulin colchicine binding site and generate multiple types of interactions. These results suggested that compound 5a has anticancer effects and significantly reverses cervical cancer resistance to cisplatin, which may be related to its inhibition of microtubule and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity.

Keywords: cervical cancer; cisplatin resistance; imidazole-chalcone; tubulin.