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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Apr 8;4(4):CD009535.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009535.pub3.

Home versus in-centre haemodialysis for people with kidney failure

Melissa S Cheetham  1   2 , Isabelle Ethier  3   4 , Rathika Krishnasamy  1   2   5 , Yeoungjee Cho  2   6   7 , Suetonia C Palmer  8 , David W Johnson  6 , Jonathan C Craig  9   10 , Paul Stroumza  11 , Luc Frantzen  11 , Jorgen Hegbrant  12 , Giovanni Fm Strippoli  9   13
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Home versus in-centre haemodialysis for people with kidney failure

Melissa S Cheetham et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Home haemodialysis (HHD) may be associated with important clinical, social or economic benefits. However, few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated HHD versus in-centre HD (ICHD). The relative benefits and harms of these two HD modalities are uncertain. This is an update of a review first published in 2014. This update includes non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs).

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of HHD versus ICHD in adults with kidney failure.

Search methods: We contacted the Information Specialist and searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 9 October 2022 using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We searched MEDLINE (OVID) and EMBASE (OVID) for NRSIs.

Selection criteria: RCTs and NRSIs evaluating HHD (including community houses and self-care) compared to ICHD in adults with kidney failure were eligible. The outcomes of interest were cardiovascular death, all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, all-cause hospitalisation, vascular access interventions, central venous catheter insertion/exchange, vascular access infection, parathyroidectomy, wait-listing for a kidney transplant, receipt of a kidney transplant, quality of life (QoL), symptoms related to dialysis therapy, fatigue, recovery time, cost-effectiveness, blood pressure, and left ventricular mass.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed if the studies were eligible and then extracted data. The risk of bias was assessed, and relevant outcomes were extracted. Summary estimates of effect were obtained using a random-effects model, and results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI for continuous outcomes. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Meta-analysis was performed on outcomes where there was sufficient data.

Main results: From the 1305 records identified, a single cross-over RCT and 39 NRSIs proved eligible for inclusion. These studies were of varying design (prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, cross-sectional) and involved a widely variable number of participants (small single-centre studies to international registry analyses). Studies also varied in the treatment prescription and delivery (e.g. treatment duration, frequency, dialysis machine parameters) and participant characteristics (e.g. time on dialysis). Studies often did not describe these parameters in detail. Although the risk of bias, as assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, was generally low for most studies, within the constraints of observational study design, studies were at risk of selection bias and residual confounding. Many study outcomes were reported in ways that did not allow direct comparison or meta-analysis. It is uncertain whether HHD, compared to ICHD, may be associated with a decrease in cardiovascular death (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.07; 2 NRSIs, 30,900 participants; very low certainty evidence) or all-cause death (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.95; 9 NRSIs, 58,984 patients; very low certainty evidence). It is also uncertain whether HHD may be associated with a decrease in hospitalisation rate (MD -0.50 admissions per patient-year, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.02; 2 NRSIs, 834 participants; very low certainty evidence), compared with ICHD. Compared with ICHD, it is uncertain whether HHD may be associated with receipt of kidney transplantation (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.63; 6 NRSIs, 10,910 participants; very low certainty evidence) and a shorter recovery time post-dialysis (MD -2.0 hours, 95% CI -2.73 to -1.28; 2 NRSIs, 348 participants; very low certainty evidence). It remains uncertain if HHD may be associated with decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD -11.71 mm Hg, 95% CI -21.11 to -2.46; 4 NRSIs, 491 participants; very low certainty evidence) and decreased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (MD -17.74 g/m2, 95% CI -29.60 to -5.89; 2 NRSIs, 130 participants; low certainty evidence). There was insufficient data to evaluate the relative association of HHD and ICHD with fatigue or vascular access outcomes. Patient-reported outcome measures were reported using 18 different measures across 11 studies (QoL: 6 measures; mental health: 3 measures; symptoms: 1 measure; impact and view of health: 6 measures; functional ability: 2 measures). Few studies reported the same measures, which limited the ability to perform meta-analysis or compare outcomes. It is uncertain whether HHD is more cost-effective than ICHD, both in the first (SMD -1.25, 95% CI -2.13 to -0.37; 4 NRSIs, 13,809 participants; very low certainty evidence) and second year of dialysis (SMD -1.47, 95% CI -2.72 to -0.21; 4 NRSIs, 13,809 participants; very low certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: Based on low to very low certainty evidence, HHD, compared with ICHD, has uncertain associations or may be associated with decreased cardiovascular and all-cause death, hospitalisation rate, slower post-dialysis recovery time, and decreased SBP and LVMI. HHD has uncertain cost-effectiveness compared with ICHD in the first and second years of treatment. The majority of studies included in this review were observational and subject to potential selection bias and confounding, especially as patients treated with HHD tended to be younger with fewer comorbidities. Variation from study to study in the choice of outcomes and the way in which they were reported limited the ability to perform meta-analyses. Future research should align outcome measures and metrics with other research in the field in order to allow comparison between studies, establish outcome effects with greater certainty, and avoid research waste.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00288613.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Melissa S Cheetham: has received travel support from Amgen and is a current recipient of a Queensland Advancing Clinical Research Fellowship

  2. Isabelle Ethier: none known

  3. Rathika Krishnasamy: has received speaker’s honoraria, consultancy fees, research grants and travel support from Baxter Healthcare, and travel support from Amgen

  4. Yeoungjee Cho: has received research grants and speaker’s honoraria from Baxter Healthcare and Fresenius Medical Care

  5. Suetonia C Palmer: none known

  6. David W Johnson: has received consultancy fees, research grants, speaker’s honoraria and travel sponsorships from Baxter Healthcare and Fresenius Medical Care, consultancy fees from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, and AWAK, speaker’s honoraria from ONO and BI & Lilly, and travel sponsorships from Ono and Amgen. He is a current recipient of an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Leadership Investigator Grant

  7. Jonathan C Craig: none known

  8. Paul Stroumza: none known

  9. Luc Frantzen: none known

  10. Jorgen Hegbrant: serves on the Board of Directors of NorrDia AB and provides consultancy services to Triomed AB

  11. Giovanni FM Strippoli: none known

Figures

1
1
2024 flow diagram for study selection
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 1: Cardiovascular death
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 2: All‐cause death
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 3: All‐cause annual hospital admission rate (number of admissions/patient‐year)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 4: All‐cause hospitalisation days/patient‐year
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 5: Kidney transplantation during study period
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 6: Physical functioning (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 7: Role: Physical (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 8: Bodily pain (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 9: General health (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 10: Vitality (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 11: Social functioning (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 12: Role: Emotional (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 13: Mental health (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 14: Physical Component Summary (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 15: Mental Component Summary (SF‐12; SF‐36)
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 16: Symptoms and problems (KDQOL‐SF)
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 17: Effects of kidney disease (KDQOL‐SF)
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 18: Burden of kidney disease (KDQOL‐SF)
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 19: Work status (KDQOL‐SF)
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 20: Cognitive function (KDQOL‐SF)
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 21: Quality of social interaction (KDQOL‐SF)
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 22: Sexual function (KDQOL‐SF)
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 23: Sleep (KDQOL‐SF)
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 24: Recovery time
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 25: Annual direct healthcare costs in first year of dialysis (currency as reported)
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 26: Annual direct healthcare costs in second year of dialysis (currency as reported)
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 27: Systolic blood pressure (NRSIs)
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 28: Diastolic blood pressure (NSRIs)
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 29: Mean arterial pressure
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home versus in‐centre haemodialysis, Outcome 30: Left ventricular mass index [g/m2]
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Xue 2015 {published data only}
    1. Xue H, Li NC, Lacson E Jr, Brunelli SM, Lockridge RS. Catheter-related bacteremia and mortality in frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis International 2015;19(2):242-8. [DOI: ] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yeung 2021 {published data only}
    1. Yeung E, Kerr P, Polkinghorne K. Home & satellite haemodialysis patients: a comparison of outcomes [abstract no: SAT-043]. Kidney International Reports 2019;4(7 Suppl):S21. [EMBASE: 2002179354]
    1. Yeung EK, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Home and facility haemodialysis patients: a comparison of outcomes in a matched cohort. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2021;36(6):1070-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Zimbudzi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zimbudzi E, Samlero R. How do hospitalization patterns of home hemodialysis patients compare with a reasonably well dialysis patient cohort? International Journal of Nephrology & Renovascular Disease 2014;7:203-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Benain 2007 {published data only}
    1. Benain JP, Faller B, Briat C, Jacquelinet C, Brami M, Aoustin M, et al. Cost of dialysis in France [Cout de la prise en charge de la dialyse en France]. Nephrologie et Therapeutique 2007;3(3):96-106. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Benain 2015 {published data only}
    1. Benain JP, Galland R, Kessler M, Lobbedez T, Fagnani F, Dumas JJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of high dose haemodialysis in France [abstract no: FP698]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii309. [EMBASE: 72207115]
Bernieh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bernieh B, Gogoi S, Owida A, Galal Yassin M, Seif Eddin A, et al. Comparison between Nurse Assisted Home Hemodialysis (NAHHD), and in Center Hemodialysis (CHD), in home bound, multi comorbid, and debilitated hemodialysis patients [abstract no: SAT-230]. Kidney International Reports 2020;5(3 Suppl):S98. [EMBASE: 2005256391]
Blagg 2006 {published data only}
    1. Blagg CR, Kjellstrand CM, Ting GO, Young BA. Comparison of survival between short-daily hemodialysis and conventional hemodialysis using the standardized mortality ratio. Hemodialysis International 2006;10(4):371-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Connor 2011 {published data only}
    1. Connor A, Lillywhite R, Cooke MW. The carbon footprints of home and in-center maintenance hemodialysis in the United Kingdom. Hemodialysis International 2011;15(1):39-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2010.00523.x] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Derrett 2017 {published data only}
    1. Derrett S, Samaranayaka A, Schollum JB, McNoe B, Marshall MR, Williams S, et al. Predictors of health deterioration among older adults after 12 months of dialysis therapy: a longitudinal cohort study from New Zealand. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2017;70(6):798-806. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Eneanya 2019 {published data only}
    1. Eneanya ND, Maddux DW, Reviriego-Mendoza MM, Larkin JW, Usvyat LA, Sande FM, et al. Longitudinal patterns of health-related quality of life and dialysis modality: a national cohort study. BMC Nephrology 2019;20(1):7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
FREEDOM 2009 {published data only}
    1. Finkelstein FO, Schiller B, Daoui R, Gehr TW, Kraus MA, Lea J, et al. At-home short daily hemodialysis improves the long-term health-related quality of life. Kidney International 2012;82(5):561-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Jaber BL, Finkelstein FO, Glickman JD, Hull AR, Kraus MA, Leypoldt JK, et al. Scope and design of the Following Rehabilitation, Economics and Everyday-Dialysis Outcome Measurements (FREEDOM) Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2009;53(2):310-20. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.013] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Jaber BL, Schiller B, Burkart JM, Daoui R, Kraus MA, Lee Y, et al. Impact of short daily hemodialysis on restless legs symptoms and sleep disturbances. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(5):1049-56. [DOI: 10.2215/CJN.10451110] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gonzalez‐Perez 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez-Perez JG, Vale L, Stearns SC, Wordsworth S. Hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment-options. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2005;21(1):32-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gorham 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gorham G, Howard K, Zhao Y, Ahmed AM, Lawton PD, Sajiv C, et al. Cost of dialysis therapies in rural and remote Australia - a micro-costing analysis. BMC Nephrology 2019;20(1):231. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Howard 2009 {published data only}
    1. Howard K, Salkeld G, White S, McDonald S, Chadban S, Craig JC, et al. The cost-effectiveness of increasing kidney transplantation and home-based dialysis. Nephrology 2009;14(1):123-32. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ipema 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ipema K, Franssen C, Schans C, Smit L, Noordman S, Haisma H. Influence of frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis on food preference. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2010;20(2):127-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ipema 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ipema KJ, Schans CP, Vonk N, Vries JM, Westerhuis R, Duym E, et al. A difference between day and night: protein intake improves after the transition from conventional to frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2012;22(3):365-72. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ipema 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ipema KJ, Westerhuis R, Schans CP, Jong PE, Gaillard CA, Krijnen WP, et al. Effect of nocturnal haemodialysis on body composition. Nephron 2014;128(1-2):171-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Johansen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Johansen KL, Zhang R, Huang Y, Chen SC, Blagg CR, Goldfarb-Rumyantzev AS, et al. Survival and hospitalization among patients using nocturnal and short daily compared to conventional hemodialysis: a USRDS study. Kidney International 2009;76(9):984-90. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Komenda 2012 {published data only}
    1. Komenda P, Gavaghan MB, Garfield SS, Poret AW, Sood MM. An economic assessment model for in-center, conventional home, and more frequent home hemodialysis. Kidney International 2012;81(3):307-13. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kubisiak 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kubisiak K, Weinhandl E, Collins A. Low incidence of intradialytic hypotension on more frequent home hemodialysis [abstract]. Hemodialysis International 2018;22(1):A22. [EMBASE: 620701261]
Lee 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lee J, Tan E. Assisted self-care haemodialysis compared to in-centre haemodialysis -a single centre experience [abstract]. Nephrology 2017;22(Suppl 3):80. [EMBASE: 618236163]
Lockridge 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lockridge RS, Kjellstrand CM. Nightly home hemodialysis: outcome and factors associated with survival. Hemodialysis International 2011;15(2):211-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
London Daily/Nocturnal 2003 {published data only}
    1. Heidenheim AP, Muirhead N, Moist L, Lindsay RM. Patient quality of life on quotidian hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1 Suppl):36-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Kroeker A, Clark WF, Heidenheim AP, Kuenzig L, Leitch R, Meyette M, et al. An operating cost comparison between conventional and home quotidian hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1 Suppl):49-55. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Leitch R, Ouwendyk M, Ferguson E, Clement L, Peters K, Heidenheim AP, et al. Nursing issues related to patient selection, vascular access, and education in quotidian hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1 Suppl):56-60. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Lindsay RM, Alhejaili F, Nesrallah G, Leitch R, Clement L, Heidenheim AP, et al. Calcium and phosphate balance with quotidian hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1 Suppl):24-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Lindsay RM, Leitch R, Heidenheim AP, Kortas C. The London daily/nocturnal hemodialysis study--study design, morbidity, and mortality results. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1 Suppl):5-12. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Loos‐Ayav 2008 {published data only}
    1. Loos-Ayav C, Frimat L, Kessler M, Chanliau J, Durand PY, Briancon S. Changes in health-related quality of life in patients of self-care vs. in-center dialysis during the first year. Quality of Life Research 2008;17(1):1-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
MacRae 2010 {published data only}
    1. MacRae JM, Rose CL, Jaber BL, Gill JS. Utilization and outcome of 'out-of-center hemodialysis' in the United States: a contemporary analysis. Nephron 2010;116(1):c53-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Marshall 2015 {published data only}
    1. Marshall MR, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG, Agar JW, Hawley CM, McDonald SP. Temporal changes in mortality risk by dialysis modality in the Australian and New Zealand dialysis population. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2015;66(3):489-98. [PMID: ] - PubMed
McDonald 2009 {published data only}
    1. McDonald SP, Marshall MR, Johnson DW, Polkinghorne KR. Relationship between dialysis modality and mortality. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2009;20(1):155-63. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
McFarlane 2002 {published data only}
    1. McFarlane PA, Bayoumi AM, Pierratos A, Redelmeier DA. The quality of life and cost utility of home nocturnal and conventional in-center hemodialysis. Kidney International 2003;64(3):1004-11. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. McFarlane PA, Pierratos A, Redelmeier DA. Cost savings of home nocturnal versus conventional in-center hemodialysis. Kidney International 2002;62(6):2216-22. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mehrotra 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mehrotra R, Soohoo M, Rivara MB, Himmelfarb J, Cheung AK, Arah OA, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in use of and outcomes with home dialysis in the United States. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2016;27(7):2123-34. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Mohr 2001 {published data only}
    1. Mohr PE, Neumann PJ, Franco SJ, Marainen J, Lockridge R, Ting G. The case for daily dialysis: its impact on costs and quality of life. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2001;37(4):777-89. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Quintaliani 2000 {published data only}
    1. Quintaliani G, Buoncristiani U, Fagugli R, Kuluiranu H, Ciao G, Rondini L, et al. Survival of vascular access during daily and three times a week hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 2000;53(5):372-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Rivara 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rivara MB, Ravel V, Streja E, Obi Y, Soohoo M, Cheung AK, et al. Weekly standard Kt/Vurea and clinical outcomes in home and in-center hemodialysis. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2018;13(3):445-55. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Seto 2007 {published data only}
    1. Seto E, Cafazzo JA, Rizo C, Bonert M, Fong E, Chan CT. Internet use by end-stage renal disease patients. Hemodialysis International 2007;11(3):328-32. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Shen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Shen JI, Erickson KF, Chen L, Vangala S, Leng L, Shah A, et al. Expanded prospective payment system and use of and outcomes with home dialysis by race and ethnicity in the United States. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2019;14(8):1200-12. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ting 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ting GO, Kjellstrand C, Freitas T, Carrie BJ, Zarghamee S. Long-term study of high-comorbidity ESRD patients converted from conventional to short daily hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(5):1020-35. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Walsh 2006 {published data only}ISRCTN25858715
    1. Bass A, Ahmed SB, Klarenbach S, Culleton B, Hemmelgarn BR, Manns B. The impact of nocturnal hemodialysis on sexual function. BMC Nephrology 2012;13:67. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Culleton BF, Walsh M, Klarenbach SW, Mortis G, Scott-Douglas N, Quinn RR, et al. Effect of frequent nocturnal hemodialysis vs conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular mass and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298(11):1291-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Culleton BF, Walsh M, Klarenbach SW, Mortis G, Scott-Douglas N, Quinn RR, et al. Nocturnal hemodialysis lowers blood pressure and reduces left ventricular mass: results of a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: SU-FC002]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):67A-8A. [CENTRAL: CN-00783714]
    1. Khangura J, Culleton BF, Manns BJ, Zhang J, Barnieh L, Walsh M, et al. Association between routine and standardized blood pressure measurements and left ventricular hypertrophy among patients on hemodialysis. BMC Nephrology 2010;11:13. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Klarenbach S, Tonelli M, Pauly R, Walsh M, Culleton B, So H, et al. Economic evaluation of frequent home nocturnal hemodialysis based on a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2014;25(3):587-94. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yang A, Lee A, Hocking K. Nursing home care. Daily HHD vs conventional dialysis: a survival comparison. Nephrology News & Issues 2017;31(2):21-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Yang A, Lee WY, Hocking K. Survival comparison of daily home hemo vs conventional dialysis in the nursing home setting [abstract no: 409]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2014;63(5):A121. [EMBASE: 71448676]
    1. Yang A, Lee WY, Hocking K. Survival comparison of daily home hemodialysis vs. conventional in the nursing home setting. Nephrology News & Issues 2015;29(2):25-7, 30-1. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yuen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Yuen DA, Kuliszewski MA, Liao C, Rudenko D, Leong-Poi H, Chan CT. Nocturnal hemodialysis is associated with restoration of early-outgrowth endothelial progenitor-like cell function. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(6):1345-53. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

De Smet 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. De Smet R, Dhondt A, Eloot S, Claus S, Vanholder R. Nocturnal hemodialysis with the Genius® dialysis system [abstract no: FP327]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi128.
Fadem 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Fadem SZ, Walker DR, Abbott G, Friedman AL, Goldman R, Sexton S, et al. Satisfaction with renal replacement therapy and education: The American Association of Kidney Patients Survey. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(3):605-12. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hanly 2001 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Hanly PJ, Pierratos A. Improvement of sleep apnea in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo nocturnal hemodialysis. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344(2):102-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Helantera 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Helantera I, Haapio M, Koskinen P, Gronhagen-Riska C, Finne P. Employment of patients receiving maintenance dialysis and after kidney transplant: a cross-sectional study from Finland. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2012;59(5):700-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kannampuzha 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Kannampuzha J, Donnelly SM, McFarlane PA, Chan CT, House JD, Pencharz PB, et al. Glutathione and riboflavin status in supplemented patients undergoing home nocturnal hemodialysis versus standard hemodialysis. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2010;20(3):199-208. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mitchell 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Mitchell A, Kassem H, Aleter O, Badalamenti J, Hayes KM. Patient activation and ESRD [abstract no: 251]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2020;75(4):608-9. [EMBASE: 2005716817]
Morton 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Morton RL, Devitt J, Howard K, Anderson K, Snelling P, Cass A. Patient views about treatment of stage 5 CKD: a qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(3):431-40. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Painter 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Painter P, Krasnoff JB, Kuskowski M, Frassetto L, Johansen K. Effects of modality change on health-related quality of life. Hemodialysis International 2012;16(3):377-86. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Parker 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Parker K, Nikam M, Jayanti A, Mitra S. Medication burden in CKD-5D: Impact of dialysis modality and setting. Clinical Kidney Journal 2014;7(6):557-61. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pellicano 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Pellicano R, Strauss BJ, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Body composition in home haemodialysis versus conventional haemodialysis: a cross-sectional, matched, comparative study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010;25(2):568-73. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Poon 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Poon CK, Tang HL, Wong JH, Law WP, Lam CM, Yim KF, et al. Effect of alternate night nocturnal home hemodialysis on anemia control in patients with end-stage renal disease. Hemodialysis International 2015;19(2):235-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sikkes 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sikkes ME, Kooistra MP, Weijs PJ. Improved nutrition after conversion to nocturnal home hemodialysis. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2009;19(6):494-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Thomson 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Thomson BK, Momciu B, Huang SH, Chan CT, Urquhart BL, Skanes AC, et al. Frequent nocturnal hemodialysis associates with improvement of prolonged QTc intervals. Nephron 2013;123(1-2):74-82. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yong 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Yong K, Dogra G, Boudville N, Lim WH. Home haemodialysis does not improve arterial stiffness or pro-inflammatory cytokines in chronic kidney disease patients [abstract no: 099]. Nephrology 2014;19(Suppl 4):44. [EMBASE: 71587879]

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References to other published versions of this review

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