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. 2024 Apr 8;4(4):CD013856.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013856.pub3.

Physical exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Moritz Ernst  1 , Ann-Kristin Folkerts  2 , Romina Gollan  2 , Emma Lieker  2 , Julia Caro-Valenzuela  3 , Anne Adams  4 , Nora Cryns  1 , Ina Monsef  1 , Antje Dresen  5 , Mandy Roheger  6 , Carsten Eggers  7   8 , Nicole Skoetz  1 , Elke Kalbe  2
Affiliations

Physical exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Moritz Ernst et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Physical exercise is effective in managing Parkinson's disease (PD), but the relative benefit of different exercise types remains unclear.

Objectives: To compare the effects of different types of physical exercise in adults with PD on the severity of motor signs, quality of life (QoL), and the occurrence of adverse events, and to generate a clinically meaningful treatment ranking using network meta-analyses (NMAs).

Search methods: An experienced information specialist performed a systematic search for relevant articles in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and five other databases to 17 May 2021. We also searched trial registries, conference proceedings, and reference lists of identified studies up to this date.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing one type of physical exercise for adults with PD to another type of exercise, a control group, or both.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data. A third author was involved in case of disagreements. We categorized the interventions and analyzed their effects on the severity of motor signs, QoL, freezing of gait, and functional mobility and balance up to six weeks after the intervention using NMAs. Two review authors independently assessed the risk of bias using the risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) tool and rated the confidence in the evidence using the CINeMA approach for results on the severity of motor signs and QoL. We consulted a third review author to resolve any disagreements. Due to heterogeneous reporting of adverse events, we summarized safety data narratively and rated our confidence in the evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 154 RCTs with a total of 7837 participants with mostly mild to moderate disease and no major cognitive impairment. The number of participants per study was small (mean 51, range from 10 to 474). The NMAs on the severity of motor signs and QoL included data from 60 (2721 participants), and 48 (3029 participants) trials, respectively. Eighty-five studies (5192 participants) provided safety data. Here, we present the main results. We observed evidence of beneficial effects for most types of physical exercise included in our review compared to a passive control group. The effects on the severity of motor signs and QoL are expressed as scores on the motor scale of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-M) and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39), respectively. For both scales, higher scores denote higher symptom burden. Therefore, negative estimates reflect improvement (minimum clinically important difference: -2.5 for UPDRS-M and -4.72 for PDQ-39). Severity of motor signs The evidence from the NMA (60 studies; 2721 participants) suggests that dance and gait/balance/functional training probably have a moderate beneficial effect on the severity of motor signs (dance: mean difference (MD) -10.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) -14.87 to -5.36; gait/balance/functional training: MD -7.50, 95% CI -11.39 to -3.48; moderate confidence), and multi-domain training probably has a small beneficial effect on the severity of motor signs (MD -5.90, 95% CI -9.11 to -2.68; moderate confidence). The evidence also suggests that endurance, aqua-based, strength/resistance, and mind-body training might have a small beneficial effect on the severity of motor signs (endurance training: MD -5.76, 95% CI -9.78 to -1.74; aqua-based training: MD -5.09, 95% CI -10.45 to 0.40; strength/resistance training: MD -4.96, 95% CI -9.51 to -0.40; mind-body training: MD -3.62, 95% CI -7.24 to 0.00; low confidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of "Lee Silverman Voice training BIG" (LSVT BIG) and flexibility training on the severity of motor signs (LSVT BIG: MD -6.70, 95% CI -16.48 to 3.08; flexibility training: MD 4.20, 95% CI -1.61 to 9.92; very low confidence). Quality of life The evidence from the NMA (48 studies; 3029 participants) suggests that aqua-based training probably has a large beneficial effect on QoL (MD -15.15, 95% CI -23.43 to -6.87; moderate confidence). The evidence also suggests that mind-body, gait/balance/functional, and multi-domain training and dance might have a small beneficial effect on QoL (mind-body training: MD -7.22, 95% CI -13.57 to -0.70; gait/balance/functional training: MD -6.17, 95% CI -10.75 to -1.59; multi-domain training: MD -5.29, 95% CI -9.51 to -1.06; dance: MD -3.88, 95% CI -10.92 to 3.00; low confidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of gaming, strength/resistance, endurance, and flexibility training on QoL (gaming: MD -8.99, 95% CI -23.43 to 5.46; strength/resistance training: MD -6.70, 95% CI -12.86 to -0.35; endurance training: MD -6.52, 95% CI -13.74 to 0.88; flexibility training: MD 1.94, 95% CI -10.40 to 14.27; very low confidence). Adverse events Only 85 studies (5192 participants) provided some kind of safety data, mostly only for the intervention groups. No adverse events (AEs) occurred in 40 studies and no serious AEs occurred in four studies. AEs occurred in 28 studies. The most frequently reported events were falls (18 studies) and pain (10 studies). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of physical exercise on the risk of adverse events (very low confidence). Across outcomes, we observed little evidence of differences between exercise types.

Authors' conclusions: We found evidence of beneficial effects on the severity of motor signs and QoL for most types of physical exercise for people with PD included in this review, but little evidence of differences between these interventions. Thus, our review highlights the importance of physical exercise regarding our primary outcomes severity of motor signs and QoL, while the exact exercise type might be secondary. Notably, this conclusion is consistent with the possibility that specific motor symptoms may be treated most effectively by PD-specific programs. Although the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of exercise on the risk of adverse events, the interventions included in our review were described as relatively safe. Larger, well-conducted studies are needed to increase confidence in the evidence. Additional studies recruiting people with advanced disease severity and cognitive impairment might help extend the generalizability of our findings to a broader range of people with PD.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04012086 NCT02488265 NCT00750945 NCT03079817 NCT02509611 NCT00591344 NCT01388556 NCT02622737 NCT03213873 NCT00982709 NCT02231073 NCT02236286 NCT00611481 NCT04048291 NCT01701128 NCT02807740 NCT01120392 NCT02999997 NCT01573260 NCT02966600 NCT03235284 NCT01257945 NCT01506479 NCT02253563 NCT01939717 NCT02302144 NCT03193268 NCT03189680 NCT02902510 NCT02418780 NCT01799681 NCT01301651 NCT03689764 NCT03882398 NCT03463330 NCT03637023 NCT04291027 NCT02593955 NCT03495193 NCT00004760 NCT00029809 NCT00167453 NCT00387218 NCT01014663 NCT01076712 NCT01246700 NCT01427062 NCT01439022 NCT01562496 NCT01757509 NCT01835652 NCT01960985 NCT02017938 NCT02267785 NCT02419768 NCT02476240 NCT02476266 NCT02615548 NCT02656355 NCT02674724 NCT02745171 NCT02816619 NCT03212014 NCT03406728 NCT03443752 NCT03568903 NCT03618901 NCT01636297 NCT02457832 NCT03244813 NCT03343574 NCT03560089 NCT03563807 NCT03582371 NCT03711955 NCT03751371 NCT02885285 NCT03833349 NCT03860649 NCT03882879 NCT03960931 NCT03972969 NCT03974529 NCT03983785 NCT04000360 NCT04046276 NCT04063605 NCT04122690 NCT04135924 NCT04194762 NCT04215900 NCT04379778 NCT04558879 NCT04613141 NCT04644367 NCT04665869 NCT04699617 NCT04863118 NCT04872153 NCT04878679.

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Conflict of interest statement

ME is associated with the Cochrane Haematology group, but was not involved in the editorial process of this review. AF has been involved in an ongoing study eligible for inclusion (Gooßes 2020). She was not involved in the assessment of the study's eligibility and she will not be involved in the data extraction or the assessment of risk of bias in the future. RG: none known EL: none known JCV is associated with the Cochrane Haematology group, but was not involved in the editorial process of this review. NC is associated with the Cochrane Haematology group, but was not involved in the editorial process of this review. AA is associated with the Cochrane Haematology group, but was not involved in the editorial process of this review. IM is associated with the Cochrane Haematology group, but was not involved in the editorial process of this review. AD: none known MR: none known CE: reports commercial consultancy for AbbVie Deutschland, speaking engagements for AbbVie Deutschland, Bial Deutschland, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Merck, and Stada: payments were received personally; also reports work as consultant/director at the Department of Neurology at Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bottrop, Germany. NS is associated with the Cochrane Haematology group, but was not involved in the editorial process of this review. EK has been involved in an ongoing study eligible for inclusion (Gooßes 2020). She was not involved in the assessment of the study's eligibility and she will not be involved in the data extraction or the assessment of risk of bias in the future.

Figures

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Overview of the ideal network
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Risk of bias traffic light plot for severity of motor signs.
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Risk of bias summary plot for severity of motor signs.
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Risk of bias traffic light plot for quality of life.
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Risk of bias summary plot for quality of life.
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Network graph for severity of motor signs. Treatments are connected by a line when there is at least one study comparing the two treatments.
Line width: number of studies. Node width: number of participants.
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Forest plot for severity of motor signs.
Reference treatment: passive control. Treatment effects are expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Treatments are ordered by P‐score (descending). Please note that severity of motor signs is labelled 'clinician‐rated impairment and disability' (CRID), a term we had originally used for this outcome, but ultimately discarded for the sake of higher accuracy and better readability.
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Comparison of direct and indirect evidence (in closed loops) for severity of motor signs. Treatment effects are expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Please note that severity of motor signs is labelled 'clinician‐rated impairment and disability' (CRID), a term we had originally used for this outcome, but ultimately discarded for the sake of higher accuracy and better readability.
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10
Network graph for quality of life. Treatments are connected by a line when there is at least one study comparing the two treatments.
Line width: number of studies. Node width: number of participants.
11
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Forest plot for quality of life. Reference treatment: passive control. Treatment effects are expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Treatments are ordered by P‐score (descending).
12
12
Comparison of direct and indirect evidence (in closed loops) for quality of life. Treatment effects are expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). QoL = quality of life
13
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Network graph for freezing of gait. Treatments are connected by a line when there is at least one study comparing the two treatments.
Line width: number of studies. Node width: number of participants.
14
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Forest plot for freezing of gait. Reference treatment: passive control. Treatment effects are expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Treatments are ordered by P‐score (descending).
15
15
Comparison of direct and indirect evidence (in closed loops) for freezing of gait. Treatment effects are expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). FOG = freezing of gait
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16
Network graph for functional mobility and balance. Treatments are connected by a line when there is at least one study comparing the two treatments.
Line width: number of studies. Node width: number of participants.
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17
Forest plot for functional mobility and balance. Reference treatment: passive control. Treatment effects are expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Treatments are ordered by P‐score (descending).
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Comparison of direct and indirect evidence (in closed loops) for functional balance and mobility. Treatment effects are expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). TUG = Timed Up & Go test
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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Daneshvar 2019 {published data only}
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Ebersbach 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ebersbach G, Ebersbach A, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Kusch M, Kupsch A, et al. Comparing exercise in Parkinson's disease – the Berlin LSVTBIG study. Movement Disorders 2010;25(12):1902-8. - PubMed
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Ellis 2005 {published data only}
    1. De Goede CJ, Ellis T, Wagenaar RC. Effects of group physiotherapy for patients with Parkinson's disease: a cross-over trial. Nederlands Tijdschrift fur Fysioterapie 2004;114(3):78-82.
    1. Ellis T, De Goede CJ, Feldman RG, Wolters EC, Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC. Efficacy of a physical therapy program in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86(4):626-32. - PubMed
Feng 2019 {published data only}
    1. Feng H, Li C, Liu J, Wang L, Ma J, Li G, et al. Virtual reality rehabilitation versus conventional physical therapy for improving balance and gait in Parkinson's disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. Medical Science Monitor 2019;25:4186-92. - PMC - PubMed
Ferraz 2018 {published data only}
    1. Almeida da Silveira R, Trippo KV, Duarte GP, Neto MG, Oliveira-Filho J, Ferraz DD. The effects of functional training and stationary cycling on respiratory function of elderly with Parkinson disease: a pilot study. Fisioterapia em Movimento [Physical Therapy in Movement] 2018;31(1):e003119.
    1. Ferraz DD, Trippo KV, Duarte GP, Neto MG, Bernardes Santos KO, Oliveira-Filho J. The effects of functional training, bicycle exercise, and exergaming on walking capacity of elderly patients with Parkinson disease: a pilot randomized controlled single-blinded trial. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 2018;99(5):826-33. - PubMed
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    1. Trippo KV, Ferraz DD, Farinha K, Kruschewsky R, Oliveira-Filho J. Postural balance and elderly quality of life with Parkinson's disease treated with functional training, stationary bike and exergame: pilot study of a randomized clinical trial. Movement Disorders 2017;32(2 Suppl):[1 p.].
Ferrazzoli 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Zivi I, Cian V, Urso E, Ghilardi MF, et al. Efficacy of intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2018;89(8):828-35. - PMC - PubMed
Ferreira 2018 {published data only}RBR‐36cw3y
    1. Alves EA, Da Costa Alves WM, Alves TG, De Lima TA, Ferreira RM, De Sousa EC, et al. High intensity resistance training improves respiratory, peripheral, quality of life and emotional response in elderly with Parkinson disease. European Respiratory Journal 2017;50(Suppl 61):[1 p.].
    1. Alves WM, Alves TG, Ferreira RM, Lima TA, Pimentel CP, Sousa EC, et al. Strength training improves the respiratory muscle strength and quality of life of elderly with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2019;20:20. - PubMed
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Fietzek 2014 {published data only}DRKS00000070
    1. DRKS00000070. A randomized, rater-blinded, single-center study with cross-over waitlist design to assess the efficacy of an anti-freezing training against motor blocks in Parkinsons's disease. drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00000070 (first received 05 February 2009).
    1. Fietzek UM, Schroeteler FE, Ziegler K, Zwosta J, Ceballos-Baumann AO. Randomized cross-over trial to investigate the efficacy of a two-week physiotherapy programme with repetitive exercises of cueing to reduce the severity of freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28(9):902-11. - PubMed
Fil‐Balkan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fil-Balkan A, Salci Y, Keklicek H, Armutlu K, Aksoy S, Kayihan H, et al. Sensorimotor integration training in Parkinson's disease. Neurosciences 2018;23(4):208-15. - PMC - PubMed
Fisher 2008 {published data only}
    1. Fisher BE, Wu AD, Salem GJ, Song J, Lin CH, Yip J, et al. The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson's disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008;89(7):1221-9. - PMC - PubMed
Frazzitta 2012 {published data only}
    1. Frazzitta G, Bertotti G, Riboldazzi G, Turla M, Uccellini D, Boveri N, et al. Effectiveness of intensive inpatient rehabilitation treatment on disease progression in Parkinsonian patients: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012;26(2):144-50. - PubMed
Frazzitta 2014 {published data only}
    1. Frazzitta G, Maestri R, Ghilardi MF, Riboldazzi G, Perini M, Bertotti G, et al. Intensive rehabilitation increases BDNF serum levels in Parkinsonian patients: a randomized study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2014;28(2):163-8. - PubMed
Frazzitta 2015 {published data only}
    1. Frazzitta G, Maestri R, Bertotti G, Riboldazzi G, Boveri N, Perini M, et al. Intensive rehabilitation treatment in early Parkinson's disease: a randomized pilot study with a 2-year follow-up. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(2):123-31. - PubMed
Ganesan 2014 {published data only}
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Gao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gao Q, Leung A, Yang Y, Wei Q, Guan M, Jia C, et al. Effects of tai chi on balance and fall prevention in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28(8):748-53. - PubMed
Gobbi 2021 {published data only}
    1. Gobbi LT, Pelicioni PH, Lahr J, Lirani-Silva E, Teixeira-Arroyo C, Santos PC. Effect of different types of exercises on psychological and cognitive features in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2021;64(1):101407. - PubMed
Goodwin 2011 {published data only}ISRCTN50793425
    1. Fletcher E, Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Campbell JL, Taylor RS. An exercise intervention to prevent falls in Parkinson's: an economic evaluation. BMC Health Services Research 2012 Nov 23 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-426] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Gu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gu S, Song Z, Fan X, Chen R, Zheng W, Yan W. Effect of PD-WEBB training on balance impairment and falls in people with Parkinson's disease. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban [Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences] 2013;38(11):1172-6. - PubMed
Hackney 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hackney ME, Kantorovich S, Earhart GM. A study on the effects of Argentine tango as a form of partnered dance for those with Parkinson disease and the healthy elderly. American Journal of Dance Therapy 2007;29(2):109-27.
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Hackney 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hackney ME, Earhart GM. Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson's disease: a comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2009;41(6):475-81. - PMC - PubMed
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Harvey 2019 {published data only}ISRCTN75458559
    1. Harvey M, Walker R, Gray W, Weston K, Oates L. A randomised control trial to investigate if people with Parkinson's disease can exercise at high intensity, and does this improve their cardiorespiratory function? A feasibility study. Movement Disorders 2017;32:772-3.
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Hass 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hass CJ, Buckley TA, Pitsikoulis C, Barthelemy EJ. Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Gait and Posture 2012;35(4):669-73. - PubMed
Hirsch 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hirsch MA, Toole T, Maitland CG, Rider RA. The effects of balance training and high-intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(8):1109-17. - PubMed
Hubble 2018 {published data only}ACTRN12613001175763
    1. ACTRN12613001175763. Improving postural stability in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled trial. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12613001175763.aspx (first received 21 October 2013).
    1. Hubble RP, Naughton G, Silburn PA, Cole MH. Trunk exercises improve gait symmetry in Parkinson disease: a blind phase II randomised-controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018;97(3):151-9. - PubMed
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Johansson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Johansson H, Freidle M, Ekman U, Schalling E, Leavy B, Svenningsson P, et al. Feasibility aspects of evaluating neuroplastic changes after balance training in Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Movement Disorders 2018;33:S701-2.
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Kanegusuku 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kanegusuku H, Silva-Batista C, Peçanha T, Nieuwboer A, Silva ND Jr, Costa LA, et al. Effects of progressive resistance training on cardiovascular autonomic regulation in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017;98(11):2134-41. - PubMed
King 2013 {published data only}
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King 2020 {published data only}
    1. Carlson-Kuhta P, Hasegawa N, Jung SH, Shah V, Ragothaman A, Peterson D, et al. Effects of cognitively challenging agility exercise program on clinical and objective measures in people with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 2019;34(Suppl 2):[1 p.].
    1. Jung SH, Hasegawa N, Mancini M, King LA, Carlson-Kuhta P, Smulders K, et al. Effects of the agility boot camp with cognitive challenge (ABC-C) exercise program for Parkinson’s disease. Nature Partner Journals Parkinson's Disease 2020;6(1):1-8. - PMC - PubMed
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Kunkel 2017 {published data only}ISRCTN63088686
    1. Hulbert S, Ashburn A, Roberts L, Verheyden G. Dance for Parkinson's – the effects on whole body co-ordination during turning around. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2017;32:91-7. - PubMed
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Kurt 2018 {published data only}ISRCTN26292510
    1. ISRCTN26292510. To determine whether Ai-chi exercises (aquatic exercises) can improve balance, functional status and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. isrctn.com/ISRCTN26292510 (first received 15 February 2016).
    1. Kurt EE, Büyükturan B, Büyükturan Ö, Erdem HR, Tuncay F. Effects of Ai Chi on balance, quality of life, functional mobility, and motor impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Disability and Rehabilitation 2018;40(7):791-7. - PubMed
Kurtais 2008 {published data only}
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Kwok 2019 {published data only}CUHK_CCRB00522
    1. Kwok JY, Kwan JC, Auyeung M, Mok VC, Chan HY. The effects of yoga versus stretching and resistance training exercises on psychological distress for people with mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):509. - PMC - PubMed
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Landers 2016 {published data only}
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Lee HJ 2018 {published data only}
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Lehman 2005 {published data only}
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Liao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Liao YY, Yang YR, Cheng SJ, Wu YR, Fuh JL, Wang RY. Virtual reality-based training to improve obstacle-crossing performance and dynamic balance in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(7):658-67. - PubMed
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Liu 2016 {published data only}
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Mak 2008 {published data only}
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Mak 2021 {published data only}
    1. Mak MK, Wong-Yu IS. Six-month community-based brisk walking and balance exercise alleviates motor symptoms and promotes functions in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Parkinsons Disease 2021;11(3):1431-41. [DOI: 10.3233/JPD-202503] - DOI - PubMed
Martin 2015 {published data only}
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Medijainen 2019 {published data only}
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Michels 2018 {published data only}
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Miyai 2000 {published data only}
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Miyai 2002 {published data only}
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Morris 2015 {published data only}ACTRN12606000344594
    1. ACTRN12606000344594. A randomized controlled trial of strategy training compared to exercises to prevent falls and improve mobility in people with Parkinson’s disease. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12606000344594.aspx (first received 20 July 2006).
    1. McGinley JL, Martin C, Huxham FE, Menz HB, Danoudis M, Murphy AT, et al. Feasibility, safety, and compliance in a randomized controlled trial of physical therapy for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease 2011 Dec 10 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/795294] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Morris 2017 {published data only}ACTRN12608000390381
    1. ACTRN12608000390381. Home based rehabilitation to reduce falls and disability in Parkinson's disease (PD). anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12608000390381.aspx (first received 23 July 2008).
    1. Morris M, Taylor N, McGinley J, Danoudis M, Menz H. Home based exercises to reduce falls in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized trial. Movement Disorders 2018;33:S130-S130.
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Muller 1997 {published data only}
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Mulligan 2018 {published data only}
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Myers 2020 {published data only}
    1. Myers PS, Harrison EC, Rawson KS, Horin AP, Sutter EN, McNeely ME, et al. Yoga improves balance and low-back pain, but not anxiety, in people with Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Yoga Therapy 2020;30(1):41-8. - PMC - PubMed
Nadeau 2014 {published data only}
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Ni 2016 {published data only}
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Nieuwboer 2007 {published data only}
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Ortiz‐Rubio 2018 {published data only}
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Peloggia Cursino 2018 {published data only}
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Pérez de la Cruz 2017 {published data only}
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Poier 2019 {published data only}DRKS00011139
    1. DRKS00011139. Tango in patients with Parkinson's disease - affect of the quality of life and functional mobility. drks.de/DRKS00011139 (first received 27 October 2016).
    1. Poier D, Rodrigues Recchia D, Ostermann T, Bussing A. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of tango argentino versus tai chi on quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease: a short report. Complementary Medical Research 2019;26:398-403. - PubMed
Poliakoff 2013 {published data only}
    1. Poliakoff E, Galpin AJ, McDonald K, Kellett M, Dick JP, Hayes S, et al. The effect of gym training on multiple outcomes in Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomised waiting-list controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation 2013;32(1):125-34. - PubMed
Protas 2005 {published data only}
    1. Protas EJ, Mitchell K, Williams A, Qureshy H, Caroline K, Lai EC. Gait and step training to reduce falls in Parkinson's disease. Neurorehabilitation 2005;20(3):183-90. - PubMed
Qutubuddin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Qutubuddin A, Reis T, Alramadhani R, Cifu DX, Towne A, Carne W. Parkinson's disease and forced exercise: a preliminary study. Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2013 Jun 19 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/375267] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Reuter 2011 {published data only}
    1. Reuter I, Mehnert S, Leone P, Kaps M, Oechsner M, Engelhardt M. Effects of a flexibility and relaxation programme, walking, and Nordic walking on Parkinson's disease. Journal of Aging Research 2011 Mar 30 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/232473] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Reuter I, Schwed M, Engelhardt M. Effect of Nordic walking in Parkinson's disease. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 2007;58(7/8):287.
Ribas 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gemin C, Da Silva L, Ribas Correa M, Ghizone Teive H, Valderramas S. Are the exergaming effective for improving functional exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease? Movement Disorders 2017;32:[1 p.].
    1. Ribas CG, Alves da Silva L, Corrêa MR, Teive HG, Valderramas S. Effectiveness of exergaming in improving functional balance, fatigue and quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Related Disorders 2017;38:13-8. - PubMed
Ridgel 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ridgel A, Ault D. Dynamic cycling improves motor symptoms and mobility in individuals with PD. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2017;49(5S):29.
    1. Ridgel AL, Ault DL. High-cadence cycling promotes sustained improvement in bradykinesia, rigidity, and mobility in individuals with mild-moderate Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease 2019 Mar 3 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4076862] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ridgel AL, Harper SA, Dowdell BT, Pollock BS. The effects of high-cadence cycling on emotional recognition in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2018;50:92.
Rios Romenets 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT01573260. Tango for treatment of motor and non-motor manifestations in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01573260 (first received 09 April 2012).
    1. Rios Romenets S, Anang J, Fereshtehnejad SM, Pelletier A, Postuma R. Tango for treatment of motor and non-motor manifestations in Parkinson's disease: a randomized control study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2015;23(2):175-84. - PubMed
Santos 2017a {published data only}
    1. NCT02966600. Strength training and different subtypes of Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02966600 (first received 17 November 2016).
    1. Santos L, Fernandez-Rio J, Winge K, Barragán-Pérez B, González-Gómez L, Rodríguez-Pérez V, et al. Effects of progressive resistance exercise in akinetic-rigid Parkinson's disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2017;53(5):651-63. - PubMed
Santos 2017b {published data only}RBR‐3p7zcf
    1. RBR-3p7zcf. Effectiveness comparison of physiotherapy with balance and gait exercises and physical therapy with strengthening exercises in patients with Parkinson's disease. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3p7zcf (first received 17 December 2014).
    1. Santos SM, da Silva RA, Terra MB, Almeida IA, Melo LB, Ferraz HB. Balance versus resistance training on postural control in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2017;53(2):173-83. - PubMed
    1. Smaili SM, Bueno ME, Barboza NM, Terra MB, Almeida IA, Ferraz HB. Efficacy of neurofunctional versus resistance training in improving gait and quality of life among patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized clinical trial. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 2018;24(2):e1018123.
Santos 2017c {published data only}
    1. Santos L, Fernandez-Rio J, Winge K, Barragan-Perez B, Rodriguez-Perez V, Gonzalez-Diez V, et al. Effects of supervised slackline training on postural instability, freezing of gait, and falls efficacy in people with Parkinson's disease. Disability and Rehabilitation 2017;39(16):1573-80. - PubMed
Santos 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03235284. Nintendo Wii and exercises at rehabilitation of individuals with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03235284 (first received 01 August 2017).
    1. Santos P, Machado T, Santos L, Ribeiro N, Melo A. Efficacy of the Nintendo Wii combination with conventional exercises in the rehabilitation of individuals with Parkinson's disease: a randomized clinical trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2019;45(2):255-63. - PubMed
Schaible 2021 {published data only}DRKS00008732
    1. DRKS00008732. Neuronal plasticity of network topography in Parkinson disease through LSVT-BIG therapy. drks.de/DRKS00008732 (first received 09 November 2015).
    1. Schaible F, Maier F, Buchwitz TM, Schwartz F, Hoock M, Schonau E, et al. Effects of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG and conventional physiotherapy on non-motor and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled study comparing three exercise models. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 2021;14:1-18. - PMC - PubMed
Schenkman 1998 {published data only}
    1. Schenkman M, Cutson TM, Kuchibhatla M, Chandler J, Pieper CF, Ray L, et al. Exercise to improve spinal flexibility and function for people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998;46(10):1207-16. - PubMed
Schenkman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Schenkman M, Hall DA, Baron AE, Schwartz RS, Mettler P, Kohrt WM. Exercise for people in early- or mid-stage Parkinson disease: a 16-month randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2012;92(11):1395-410. - PMC - PubMed
Schenkman 2018 {published data only}
    1. Corcos D, Moore C, Kohrt W, Hall D, Delitto A, Comella C, et al. Study in Parkinson's disease of exercise (SPARX): a randomized, controlled futility trial. Movement Disorders 2017;32:921-2.
    1. Hall DA, Moore C, Comella C, et al. Recruitment of patients with de novo Parkinson disease: successful strategies in a randomized exercise clinical trial. Trials 2018;19(1):630. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01506479. Study in Parkinson's disease of exercise. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01506479 (first received 10 January 2012).
    1. Schenkman M, Moore CG, Kohrt WM, Hall DA, Delitto A, Comella CL, et al. Effect of high-intensity treadmill exercise on motor symptoms in patients with De Novo Parkinson disease a phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurology 2018;75(2):219-26. - PMC - PubMed
Schilling 2010 {published data only}
    1. Schilling BK, Pfeiffer RF, Ledoux MS, Karlage RE, Bloomer RJ, Falvo MJ. Effects of moderate-volume, high-load lower-body resistance training on strength and function in persons with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Parkinsons Disease 2010;2010:824734. - PMC - PubMed
Schlenstedt 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02253563. Resistance versus balance training in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02253563 (first received 01 October 2014).
    1. Schlenstedt C, Paschen S, Kruse A, Raethjen J, Weisser B, Deuschl G. Resistance versus balance training to improve postural control in Parkinson's disease: a randomized rater blinded controlled study. PLOS One 2015;10(10):e0140584. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schlenstedt C, Paschen S, Seuthe J, Raethjen J, Berg D, Maetzler W, Deuschl G. Moderate frequency resistance and balance training do not improve freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Frontiers in Neurology 2018;9:1084. - PMC - PubMed
Schmitz‐Hubsch 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schmitz-Hubsch T, Pyfer D, Kielwein K, Fimmers R, Klockgether T, Wullner U. Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Movement Disorders 2006;21(4):543-8. - PubMed
Sedaghati 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sedaghati P, Daneshmandi H, Karimi N, Barati AH. A selective corrective exercise to decrease falling and improve functional balance in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Trauma Monthly 2016;21:e23573. - PMC - PubMed
Shahmohammadi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Shahmohammadi R, Sharifi GR, Melvin J, Sadeghi-Demneh E. A comparison between aquatic and land-based physical exercise on postural sway and quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. Sport Sciences for Health 2017;13(2):341-8.
Shanahan 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT01939717. A randomized controlled pilot trial comparing Irish set dancing to usual care for people with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01939717 (first received 11 September 2013).
    1. Shanahan J, Morris ME, Bhriain ON, Volpe D, Lynch T, Clifford AM. Dancing for Parkinson disease: a randomized trial of Irish set dancing compared with usual care. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017;98(9):1744-51. - PubMed
Shen 2021 {published data only}ChiCTR1800016570
    1. Shen M, Pi YL, Li Z, Song T, Jie K, Wang T. The feasibility and positive effects of wuqinxi exercise on the cognitive and motor functions of patients with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM 2021;2021:8833736. - PMC - PubMed
Shulman 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shulman LM, Katzel LI, Ivey FM, Sorkin JD, Favors K, Anderson KE, et al. Randomized clinical trial of 3 types of physical exercise for patients with Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurology 2013;70(2):183-90. - PMC - PubMed
Silva 2019 {published data only}
    1. Silva AZ, Israel VL. Effects of dual-task aquatic exercises on functional mobility, balance and gait of individuals with Parkinson's disease: a randomized clinical trial with a 3-month follow-up. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2019;42:119-24. - PubMed
Silva‐Batista 2018 {published data only}RBR‐53s3rk
    1. RBR-53s3rk. Functional and strength training in Parkinsonians. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-53s3rk/1 (first received 05 September 2013).
    1. Silva-Batista C, Corcos DM, Barroso R, David FJ, Kanegusuku H, Forjaz C, et al. Instability resistance training improves neuromuscular outcome in Parkinson's disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2017;49(4):652-60. - PubMed
    1. Silva-Batista C, Corcos DM, Kanegusuku H, Pimentel Piemonte ME, Bucken Gobbi LT, Lima-Pardini AC, et al. Balance and fear of falling in subjects with Parkinson's disease is improved after exercises with motor complexity. Gait and Posture 2018;61:90-7. - PubMed
    1. Silva-Batista C, Corcos DM, Roschel H, Kanegusuku H, Bucken Gobbi LT, Pimentel Piemonte ME, et al. Resistance training with instability for patients with Parkinson's disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2016;48(9):1678-87. - PubMed
    1. Silva-Batista C, Tavares Mattos EC, Corcos DM, Wilson JM, Heckman CJ, Kanegusuku H, et al. Resistance training with instability is more effective than resistance training in improving spinal inhibitory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Applied Physiology 2017;122(1):1-10. - PubMed
Silveira 2018 {published data only}
    1. Silveira CR, Roy EA, Intzandt BN, Almeida QJ. Aerobic exercise is more effective than goal-based exercise for the treatment of cognition in Parkinson's disease. Brain and Cognition 2018;122:1-8. - PubMed
Smania 2010 {published data only}
    1. Smania N, Corato E, Tinazzi M, Stanzani C, Fiaschi A, Girardi P, et al. Effect of balance training on postural instability in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2010;24(9):826-34. - PubMed
Solla 2019 {published data only}
    1. Solla P, Cugusi L, Bertoli M, Cereatti A, Della Croce U, Pani D, et al. Sardinian folk dance for individuals with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2019;25(3):305-16. - PubMed
Sparrow 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02302144. A multifactorial exercise program to reduce falls in people with Parkinson disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02302144 (first received 26 November 2014).
    1. Sparrow D, Angelis TR, Hendron K, Thomas CA, Saint-Hilaire M, Ellis T. Highly challenging balance program reduces fall rate in Parkinson disease. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2016;40(1):24-30. - PMC - PubMed
Stack 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stack E, Roberts H, Ashburn A. The PIT SToPP trial: a feasibility randomised controlled trial of home-based physiotherapy for people with Parkinson's disease using video-based measures to preserve assessor blinding. Parkinson's Disease 2012 Oct 20 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/360231] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stozek 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stozek J, Rudzinska M, Pustulka-Piwnik U, Szczudlik A. The effect of the rehabilitation program on balance, gait, physical performance and trunk rotation in Parkinson's disease. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2016;28(6):1169-77. - PMC - PubMed
Sujatha 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sujatha B, Sarumathi S, Tinu Priya R. Effect of endurance exercise on attention and depression in Parkinson's disease patients – a new approach. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2019;10(3):1592-5.
Szefler‐Derela 2020 {published data only}
    1. Szefler-Derela J, Arkuszewski M, Knapik A, Wasiuk-Zowada D, Gorzkowska A, Krzystanek E. Effectiveness of 6-week Nordic walking training on functional performance, gait quality, and quality of life in Parkinson's disease. Medicina 2020;56:356. - PMC - PubMed
Szymura 2020 {published data only}
    1. Szymura J, Kubica J, Wiecek M, Pera J. The immunomodulary effects of systematic exercise in older adults and people with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020;9:184. - PMC - PubMed
Taheri 2011 {published data only}
    1. Taheri H, Pejhan A, Taherzadeh J, Seyedahmadi M, Keavanloo F. Effect of a physical therapy program based on balance and gait in patients with Parkinson. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2011;29(153):1183-91.
Terrens 2020 {published data only}ACTRN12616000834459
    1. ACTRN12616000834459. Falls and balance in Parkinson's disease (PD): comparing land based vs traditional aquatic and novel aquatic physiotherapy. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12616000834459.aspx (first received 21 June 2016).
    1. Terrens AF, Soh SE, Morgan P. Perceptions of aquatic physiotherapy and health-related quality of life among people with Parkinson's disease. Health Expectations 2021;24(2):566-77. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Terrens AF, Soh SE, Morgan P. The safety and feasibility of a Halliwick style of aquatic physiotherapy for falls and balance dysfunction in people with Parkinson's disease: a single blind pilot trial. PloS One 2020;15(7):e0236391. - PMC - PubMed
Tollar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tollar J, Nagy F, Hortobagyi T. Vastly different exercise programs similarly improve Parkinsonian symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Gerontology 2018;65(2):120-7. - PubMed
Tollar 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03189680. Agility training in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03189680 (first received 16 June 2017).
    1. Tollar J, Nagy F, Kovacs N, Hortobagyi T. A high-intensity multicomponent agility intervention improves Parkinson patients' clinical and motor symptoms. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018;99(12):2478-84. - PubMed
    1. Tollar J, Nagy F, Kovacs N, Hortobagyi T. Two-year agility maintenance training slows the progression of Parkinsonian symptoms. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2019;51(2):237-45. - PubMed
Toole 2000 {published data only}
    1. Toole T, Hirsch MA, Forkink A, Lehman DA, Maitland CG. The effects of a balance and strength training program on equilibrium in Parkinsonism: a preliminary study. Neurorehabilitation 2000;14(3):165-74. - PubMed
Van Puymbroeck 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins BL, Van Puymbroeck M, Walter A, Sharp J, Woshkolup K, Urrea-Mendoza E, et al. Perceived activities and participation outcomes of a yoga intervention for individuals with Parkinson's disease: a mixed methods study. International Journal of Yoga Therapy 2018;28(1):51-61. - PubMed
    1. NCT02902510. Therapeutic yoga to improve function in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02902510 (first received 15 September 2016).
    1. Van Puymbroeck M, Urrea-Mendoza E, Walter AA, Hawkins BL, Woschkolup K, Revilla F, et al. Improvements in multi-dimensional aspects of quality of life following therapeutic yoga for individuals with Parkinson's disease. Annual in Therapeutic Recreation 2017;24:121-2.
    1. Van Puymbroeck M, Walter AA, Hawkins BL, Sharp JL, Woschkolup K, Urrea-Mendoza E, et al. Functional improvements in Parkinson's disease following a randomized trial of yoga. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 Jun 3 [Epub ahead of print];2018:[8 p.]. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/8516351] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Walter AA, Adams EV, Van Puymbroeck M, Crowe BM, Urrea-Mendoza E, Hawkins BL, et al. Changes in nonmotor symptoms following an 8-week yoga intervention for people with Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Yoga Therapy 2019;29(1):91-9. - PubMed
Vergara‐Diaz 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT02418780. Tai chi for enhancing motor and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02418780 (first received 16 April 2015).
    1. Vergara-Diaz G, Osypiuk K, Hausdorff JM, Bonato P, Gow BJ, Miranda JG, et al. Tai chi for reducing dual-task gait variability, a potential mediator of fall risk in Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Global Advances in Health and Medicine 2018 May 17 [Epub ahead of print];7:1-12. [DOI: 10.1177/2164956118775385] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Vivas 2011 {published data only}
    1. Vivas J, Arias P, Cudeiro J. Aquatic therapy versus conventional land-based therapy for Parkinson's disease: an open-label pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011;92(8):1202-10. - PubMed
Volpe 2013 {published data only}
    1. Volpe D, Signorini M, Marchetto A, Lynch T, Morris ME. A comparison of Irish set dancing and exercises for people with Parkinson's disease: a phase II feasibility study. BMC Geriatrics 2013;13(54):[6 p.]. - PMC - PubMed
Volpe 2014 {published data only}
    1. Volpe D, Giantin MG, Maestri R, Frazzitta G. Comparing the effects of hydrotherapy and land-based therapy on balance in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28(12):1210-7. - PubMed
Volpe 2017a {published data only}
    1. Volpe D, Giantin MG, Manuela P, Filippetto C, Pelosin E, Abbruzzese G, et al. Water-based vs. non-water-based physiotherapy for rehabilitation of postural deformities in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2017;31(8):1107-15. - PubMed
Volpe 2017b {published data only}
    1. Volpe D, Pavan D, Morris M, Guiotto A, Iansek R, Fortuna S, et al. Underwater gait analysis in Parkinson's disease. Gait and Posture 2017;52:87-94. - PubMed
Wan 2021 {published data only}
    1. Wan Z, Liu X, Yang H, Li F, Yu L, Li L, et al. Effects of health Qigong exercises on physical function on patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 2021;14:941-50. - PMC - PubMed
Winward 2012 {published data only}
    1. Winward C, Sackley C, Meek C, Izadi H, Barker K, Wade D, et al. Weekly exercise does not improve fatigue levels in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2012;27(1):143-6. - PubMed
Wong‐Yu 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT01799681. The effects of the Hopeful Outdoor Parkinson Exercise (HOPE) program on improving balance performance in Parkinsonian non-fallers and single fallers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01799681 (first received 27 February 2013).
    1. Wong-Yu IS, Mak MK. Multi-dimensional balance training programme improves balance and gait performance in people with Parkinson's disease: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 2015;21(6):615-21. - PubMed
    1. Wong-Yu IS, Mak MK. Multisystem balance training reduces injurious fall risk in Parkinson disease: a randomized trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2019;98(3):239-44. - PubMed
    1. Wong-Yu IS, Mak MK. Task- and context-specific balance training program enhances dynamic balance and functional performance in Parkinsonian nonfallers: a randomized controlled trial with six-month follow-up. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2015;96(12):2103-11. - PubMed
Wróblewska 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wróblewska A, Gajos A, Smyczyńska U, Bogucki A. The therapeutic effect of Nordic walking on freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Parkinson's Disease 2019 Dec 27 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/3846279] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yang YR, Lee YY, Cheng SJ, Wang RY. Downhill walking training in individuals with Parkinson's disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;89(9):706-14. - PubMed
Yen 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT01301651. Effects of virtual reality training in patients with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01301651 (first received 23 February 2011).
    1. Yen CY, Lin KH, Hu MH, Wu RM, Lu TW, Lin CH, et al. Effects of virtual reality-augmented balance training on sensory organization and attentional demand for postural control in people with Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2011;91(6):862-78. - PubMed
Youm 2020 {published data only}KCT0003070
    1. Youm C, Kim Y, Noh B, Lee M, Kim J, Cheon SM. Impact of trunk resistance and stretching exercise on fall-related factors in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. Sensors 2020;20(15):4106. - PMC - PubMed
Yuan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yuan RY, Chen SC, Peng CW, Lin YN, Chang YT, Lai CH. Effects of interactive video-game-based exercise on balance in older adults with mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 2020;17:91. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2015 {published data only}ChiCTR‐TRC‐14004707
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-14004707. The effect of different patterns of rehabilitation training in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/historyversionpuben.aspx?regno=ChiCTR-TRC-14004707 (first received 17 April 2014).
    1. Zhang TY, Hu Y, Nie ZY, Jin RX, Chen F, Guan Q, et al. Effects of tai chi and multimodal exercise training on movement and balance function in mild to moderate idiopathic Parkinson disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2015;94(10 Suppl 1):921-9. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Antunes Marques 2019 {published data only}
    1. Antunes Marques P, Passos Monteiro E, Oliveira Fagundes A, Rocha da Costa R, Gomes Martinez F, Souza Pagnussat A, et al. Efeitos da caminhada nórdica no perfil antropométrico e composição corporal de pessoas com doença de Parkinson: ensaio clínico randomizado. ConScientiae Saude 2019;18(1):105-15.
Cancela 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cancela JM, Mollinedo I, Montalvo S, Vila Suarez ME. Effects of a high-intensity progressive-cycle program on quality of life and motor symptomatology in a Parkinson's disease population: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Rejuvenation Research 2020;23(6):508-15. - PubMed
Capato 2020b {published data only}
    1. Capato TT, Nonnekes J, De Vries NM, IntHout J, Barbosa ER, Bloem BR. Effects of multimodal balance training supported by rhythmical auditory stimuli in people with advanced stages of Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2020;418:117086. - PubMed
Combs 2013 {published data only}
    1. Combs SA, Diehl MD, Chrzastowski C, Didrick N, McCoin B, Mox N, et al. Community-based group exercise for persons with Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation 2013;32(1):117-24. - PubMed
Granziera 2021 {published data only}
    1. Granziera S, Alessandri A, Lazzaro A, Zara D, Scarpa A. Nordic walking and walking in Parkinson's disease: a randomized single-blind controlled trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2021;33(4):965-71. - PubMed
Hashimoto 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hashimoto H, Takabatake S, Miyaguchi H, Nakanishi H, Naitou Y. Effects of dance on motor functions, cognitive functions, and mental symptoms of Parkinson's disease: a quasi-randomized pilot trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2015;23(2):210-9. - PubMed
Israel 2018 {published data only}
    1. Israel V, Yamaguchi MF. Effects of aquatic physical therapy on Parkinson's disease under a vision of the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Movement Disorders 2018;33(Suppl 2):29-40.
Kalyani 2019 {published data only}ACTRN12618001834246
    1. Kalyani HH, Sullivan KA, Moyle G, Brauer S, Jeffrey ER, Kerr GK. Impacts of dance on cognition, psychological symptoms and quality of life in Parkinson's disease. Neurorehabilitation 2019;49:273-83. - PubMed
Laupheimer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Laupheimer M, Hartel S, Schmidt S, Bos K. Exercise training – effects of MOTOmed exercise on typical motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease [Forced Exercise – Auswirkungen eines MOTOmed-Trainings auf parkinson-typische motorische Dysfunktionen]. Neurologie und Rehabilitation 2011;17(5-6):239-46.
Maciel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Maciel DP, Mesquita VL, Marinho AR, Ferreira GM, Abdon AP, Maia FM. Pilates method improves balance control in Parkinson's disease patients: an open-label clinical trial. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2020;77:18-9. - PubMed
Melo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Melo G, Kleiner AF, Lopes J, Zen GZ, Marson N, Santos T, et al. P100 - Effects of virtual reality training on mobility in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Gait and Posture 2018;65:394-5.
Moon 2020 {published data only}
    1. Moon S, Sarmento CV, Steinbacher M, Smirnova IV, Colgrove Y, Lai SM et al. Can Qigong improve non-motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2020;39:101169. - PMC - PubMed
Munneke 2010 {published data only}
    1. Keus SH, Bloem BR, Van Hilten JJ, Ashburn A, Munneke M. Effectiveness of physiotherapy in Parkinson's disease: the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 2007;13(2):115-21. - PubMed
    1. Munneke M, Nijkrake MJ, Keus SH, Kwakkel G, Berendse HW, Roos RA, et al. Efficacy of community-based physiotherapy networks for patients with Parkinson's disease: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Neurology 2010;9(1):46-54. - PubMed
    1. NCT00330694. Efficiency of physiotherapeutic care in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00330694 (first received 29 May 2006).
NCT03637023 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03637023. Virtual Reality for Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03637023 (first received 17 August 2018).
NCT04291027 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04291027. Aquatic group exercise for people with Parkinson disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04291027 (first received 02 March 2020).
Passos‐Monteiro 2020 {published data only}
    1. Passos-Monteiro E, Schuch FB, Franzoni LT, Carvalho AR, Gomenuka NA, Becker M, et al. Nordic walking and free walking improve the quality of life, cognitive function, and depressive symptoms in individuals with Parkinson's disease: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Functional Morphology & Kinesiology 2020;5:10. - PMC - PubMed
Picelli 2012 {published data only}
    1. Picelli A, Melotti C, Origano F, Waldner, Fiaschi A, Santilli V, et al. Robot-assisted gait training in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012;26(4):353-61. - PubMed
Rawson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Rawson KS, McNeely ME, Duncan RP, Pickett KA, Perlmutter JS, Earhart GM. Exercise and Parkinson disease: comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2019;43(1):26-32. - PMC - PubMed
Sage 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sage MD, Almeida QJ. Symptom and gait changes after sensory attention focused exercise versus aerobic training in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2009;24(8):1132-8. - PubMed
Sahu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sahu S, Jali P, Srivastava A. Dual task training, fall, and functional independence in patients with Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study. Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2018;50(4):134-8.
Segura 2020 {published data only}ISRCTN13047118
    1. Segura C, Eraso M, Bonilla J, Mendivil CO, Santiago G, Useche N, et al. Effect of a high-intensity tandem bicycle exercise program on clinical severity, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and plasma biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Frontiers in Neurology 2020;11:656. - PMC - PubMed
Serrao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Serrao M, Pierelli F, Sinibaldi E, Chini G, Castiglia SF, Priori M, et al. Progressive modular rebalancing system and visual cueing for gait rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease: a pilot, randomized, controlled trial with crossover. Frontiers in Neurology 2019;10:902. - PMC - PubMed
Silva‐Batista 2020 {published data only}RBR‐83vb6bUTN‐U1111‐1215‐9956
    1. Silva-Batista C, Lima-Pardini AC, Nucci MP, Coelho DB, Batista A, Piemonte ME, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of exercise for Parkinsonian individuals with freezing of gait. Movement Disorders 2020;35(9):1607-17. - PMC - PubMed
Soke 2021 {published data only}
    1. Soke F, Guclu-Gunduz A, Kocer B, Fidan I, Keskinoglu P. Task-oriented circuit training combined with aerobic training improves motor performance and balance in people with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurologica Belgica 2021;121:535-43. - PubMed
Thaut 1996 {published data only}
    1. Thaut MH, McIntosh GC, Rice RR, Miller RA, Rathbun J, Brault JM. Rhythmic auditory stimulation in gait training for Parkinson's disease patients. Movement Disorders 1996;11(2):193-200. - PubMed
Van Wegen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Van Wegen EE, Van Den Heuvel M, Daffertshofer A, Beek PJ, Berendse HW, Kwakkel G. Balance training with augmented visual feedback in Parkinson's disease: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2015;357:e292.
Wang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wang F, Liu J, Liu S. Influence of rhythmic auditory attention stimulation combined with intensive muscle strength training on lower limb function and balance function in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. Huli Yanjiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2018;32(2):229-33.
Xiao 2016 {published data only}
    1. Xiao CM, Zhuang YC. Effect of health Baduanjin Qigong for mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 2016;16(8):911-9. - PubMed
Yousefi 2009 {published data only}ISRCTN98825027
    1. Yousefi B, Tadibi V, Khoei AF, Montazeri A. Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: a small scale quasi-randomised trial. Trials 2009;10(67):[7 p.]. - PMC - PubMed
Yu 1998 {published data only}
    1. Yu XH, Xu JF, Shao DY, Fa ZG, Chen GZ. Clinical trial of Qigong for Parkinson's disease. Zhongguo Xing Wei Yi Xue Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science] 1998;7(4):303-4.
Zhang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zhang J, Yu Y, Jiang R. Influence of rehabilitation exercise intervention on limb motor function and self-care ability of patients with Parkinson's disease. Chinese Nursing Research 2018;32(21):3410-3.
Zhu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zhu M, Zhang Y, Pan J, Fu C, Wang Y. Effect of simplified Tai Chi exercise on relieving symptoms of patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2020;60(2):282-8. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12605000566639 {unpublished data only}ACTRN12605000566639
    1. ACTRN12605000566639. Strength training for people with Parkinson's disease. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12605000566639.aspx (first received 30 September 2005).
ACTRN12609000900213 {unpublished data only}ACTRN12609000900213
    1. ACTRN12609000900213. Does aquatic physiotherapy improve quality of life, balance and gait in people with early to mid stage Parkinson's disease? anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12609000900213.aspx (first received 07 August 2009).
ACTRN12612001016820 {unpublished data only}ACTRN12612001016820
    1. ACTRN12612001016820. Safety, feasibility and efficacy of a dance intervention for people with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612001016820.aspx (first received 19 September 2012).
ACTRN12618000923268p {unpublished data only}ACTRN12618000923268p
    1. ACTRN12618000923268. Folk dances from the Basque Country in Parkinson's community living participants: sensorimotor and neuropsychological changes. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12618000923268.aspx (first received 08 June 2017).
Amara 2020 {published data only}
    1. Amara A, Joop A, Memon R, Pilkington J, Wood K, Bamman M. The effect of high-intensity exercise on objective sleep outcomes in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2019;92(15 Suppl):P2.8-022.
    1. Amara, AW, Wood KH, Joop A, Memon RA, Pilkington J, Tuggle SC, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of exercise on objective and subjective sleep in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2020;35(6):947-58. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02593955. The effects of a high intensity exercise training program in patients with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02593955 (first received 01 November 2015).
    1. NCT03495193. Impact of exercise in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03495193 (first received 11 April 2018).
ChiCTR1800019534 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR1800019534
    1. ChiCTR1800019534. Application of balance function rehabilitation of stroke patients and early Parkinson patients with Pro-Kin balance system. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=32989 (first received 17 November 2018).
ChiCTR‐INR‐17011340 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR‐INR‐17011340
    1. ChiCTR-INR-17011340. Effects of square dance on symptoms and quality of life in early stage patients with Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=19268 (first received 09 May 2017).
ChiCTR‐IOR‐16009065 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR‐IOR‐16009065
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-16009065. Exercise programme to enhance the physical and psychological wellbeing for people with Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=15362 (first received 19 August 2016).
ChiCTR‐IPR‐17011875 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR‐IPR‐17011875
    1. ChiCTR-IPR-17011875. Effects of baduanjin combined balance training on gait and posture control of patients with mild and moderate Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=20281 (first received 05 July 2017).
ChiCTR‐TRC‐14004549 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR‐TRC‐14004549
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-14004549. The effects of tai chi for Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=5024 (first received 01 March 2014).
CTRI/2017/08/009471 {unpublished data only}CTRI/2017/08/009471
    1. CTRI/2017/08/009471. Yoga in Parkinsons disease. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=16632 (first received 23 August 2017).
de Oliveira 2017 {published data only}RBR‐56brsc
    1. RBR-56brsc. Impact of specific physical therapy treatment on the health of patients with Parkinson's disease. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-56brsc/ (first received 30 April 2014).
    1. Oliveira RT, Assunção Felippe L, Bucken Gobbi LT, Barbieri FA, Christofoletti, G. Benefits of exercise on the executive functions in people with Parkinson disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2017;96(5):301-6. - PubMed
DRKS00008732 {unpublished data only}DRKS00008732
    1. DRKS00008732. Neuronal plasticity of network topography in parkinson disease through LSVT-BIG therapy. drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00008732 (first received 09 November 2015).
Guan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Guan X, Tang X, Liu J. Effect of tai chi training on walking ability and fear of falling of patients with Parkinson's disease. Huli Yanjiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2016;30(10A):3514-7.
Huang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Huang X, Chen L, Cai G, Xin J, Yang Y, Ye Q. Improvement for gait disorders in Parkinson's disease through novel comprehensive treatment (improve study): a prospective, open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial. Movement Disorders 2020;35(Suppl 1):S398-9.
IRCT2015040616830N4 {unpublished data only}IRCT2015040616830N4
    1. IRCT2015040616830N4. The effect of balance exercises on balance of patients with Parkinson's disease. en.irct.ir/trial/15615 (first received 16 May 2015).
IRCT2016071228885N1 {unpublished data only}IRCT2016071228885N1
    1. IRCT2016071228885N1. The effect of exercises on motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. en.irct.ir/trial/23336 (first received 04 August 2016).
IRCT20171030037099N1 {unpublished data only}IRCT20171030037099N1
    1. IRCT20171030037099N1. Effect of equilibrium exercise on physiologic, movement and balance variables among Parkinson's patients. en.irct.ir/trial/28372 (first received 21 January 2018).
Kargarfard 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kargarfard M, Chitsaz A, Azizi S. Effects of an 8-week aquatic exercise training on balance in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2012;30(178):141-50.
Khongprasert 2019 {published data only}
    1. Khongprasert S. Thai traditional game-based exercise for gait and balance of people with Parkinson's disease. Age and Ageing 2019;48(2):iv18.
Koli 2018 {published data only}CTRI/2017/04/008346
    1. CTRI/2017/04/008346. Benefits of Indian semi-classical kathak and bharatnatyam dance movements on quality of life in Parkinson's disease. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=17821 (first received 13 April 2017).
    1. Koli J, Karthikbabu S, Mohan D. Indian semi-classical kathak and bharatnatyam movements for balance confidence and quality of life in Parkinson's disease: pilot RCT. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2018;32(4-5):332.
Lee 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lee GH. Effects of virtual reality exercise program using the Sony Playstation 2 gaming platform on balance, emotion and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 2019;34(Suppl 2):[1 p.].
Lee G 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lee G. A virtual reality exercise program improves the balance function and quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2018;33(suppl 2):S114-S115.
Mohammadpour 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mohammadpour H, Rahnama N, Alizade MH, Shaighan V. Effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program on the quality of life and motor function of elderly men with Parkinson's disease. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2018;12:S725.
NCT00004760 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00004760. Study of axial mobility exercises in Parkinson disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00004760 (first received 25 February 2000).
NCT00029809 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00029809. Chinese exercise modalities in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00029809 (first received 24 January 2002).
NCT00167453 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00167453. Benefits of exercise and education for individuals with Parkinson's disease (BEEP). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00167453 (first received 14 September 2005).
NCT00387218 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00387218. Exercise study for people with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00387218 (first received 12 October 2006).
NCT01014663 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01014663. Non-contact boxing training and traditional therapeutic exercise for persons with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01014663 (first received 17 November 2009).
NCT01076712 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01076712. Effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions for patients with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01076712 (first received 26 February 2010).
NCT01246700 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01246700. Sensory attention focused exercise in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01246700 (first received 23 November 2010).
NCT01427062 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01427062. Effects of an innovative balance training programme in enhancing postural control and reducing falls in patients with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01427062 (first received 01 September 2011).
NCT01439022 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01439022. Exercise interventions in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01439022 (first received 22 September 2011).
NCT01562496 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01562496. The ParkCycle study: aerobic exercise in PD. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01562496 (first received 23 March 2012).
NCT01757509 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01757509. A randomized controlled feasibility trial to determine the effectiveness of set dancing for people with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01757509 (first received 31 December 2012).
NCT01835652 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01835652. The effects of exercise in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01835652 (first received 19 April 2013).
NCT01960985 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01960985. Balance training in Parkinson's disease using cues. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01960985 (first received 11 October 2013).
NCT02017938 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02017938. Establishing the central and peripheral fatigue indexes and VR based anti-fatigue training paradigm for individuals with Parkinson disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02017938 (first received 23 December 2013).
NCT02267785 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02267785. Exercise targeting cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02267785 (first received 17 October 2014).
NCT02419768 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02419768. Effects of exercise on long-range autocorrelations in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02419768 (first received 17 April 2015).
NCT02476240 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02476240. Evaluating the influence of externally vs. internally focused exercise on rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02476240 (first received 19 June 2015).
NCT02476266 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02476266. Two resistance training protocols to reduce the risk of falls in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02476266 (first received 19 June 2015).
NCT02615548 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02615548. Exercise for adults with Parkinson disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02615548 (first received 26 November 2015).
NCT02656355 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02656355. Gait initiation difficulty and anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) impairment in people with PD - evaluation and training. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02656355 (first received 14 January 2016).
NCT02674724 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02674724. The effect of resistance training in Parkinson disease: a pilot study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02674724 (first received 04 February 2016).
NCT02745171 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02745171. Continuous behavior assessment of the effects of a physical therapy program for patients with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02745171 (first received 20 April 2016).
NCT02816619 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02816619. Evaluation of a personalized physical activity coaching program in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02816619 (first received 28 June 2016).
NCT02999997 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02999997. Evaluation of Ronnie Gardiner Method in individuals with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02999997 (first received 21 December 2016).
NCT03212014 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03212014. Development and research of an individualized intelligent platform for rehabilitaion in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03212014 (first received 11 July 2017).
NCT03406728 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03406728. Virtual reality can be used to improve balance reducing dynamic falls in those with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03406728 (first received 23 January 2018).
NCT03443752 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03443752. Comparing the effectiveness of Shotokan-karate vs. tai chi on balance and quality of life in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03443752 (first received 23 February 2018).
NCT03568903 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03568903. Changes in functional performance in individuals with Parkinson's disease following 2-month physiotherapy intervention. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03568903 (first received 26 June 2018).
NCT03618901 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03618901. Rock steady boxing vs. sensory attention focused exercise. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03618901 (first received 07 August 2018).
NCT03689764 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03689764. Video game-based exercise for persons with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03689764 (first received 28 September 2018).
NCT04012086 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04012086. Physical therapy and cognitive decline. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04012086 (first received 09 July 2019).
Ogundele 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ogundele A, Olaogun M, Komolafe M. Comparison of virtual-reality-gaming and activity-based gait and balance training on gait, balance and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2018;33(Suppl 2):[1 p.].
RBR‐34d7jm {unpublished data only}RBR‐34d7jm
    1. RBR-34d7jm. Effects of a dance program in motor and non motor symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-34d7jm (first received 17 January 2017).
RBR‐3vm7bf {unpublished data only}RBR‐3vm7bf
    1. RBR-3vm7bf. Isokinetic exercise in Parkinsonians. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3vm7bf (first received 26 December 2018).
RBR‐3z39v3 {unpublished data only}RBR‐3z39v3
    1. RBR-3z39v3. Effects of functional training and mat pilates in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3z39v3 (first received 30 August 2019).
RBR‐4m3k2c {unpublished data only}RBR‐4m3k2c
    1. RBR-4m3k2c. Effects of exercise in the treatment of depression, dementia and Parkinson. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4m3k2c (first received 10 October 2016).
RBR‐6rngmb {unpublished data only}RBR‐6rngmb
    1. RBR-6rngmb. Physiotherapy in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease through video game therapy. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-6rngmb (first received 02 May 2019).
RBR‐7xfkpx {unpublished data only}RBR‐7xfkpx
    1. RBR-7xfkpx. Effect of training with instability on a platform in patients with Parkinson's disease. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7xfkpx (first received 22 November 2018).
Rosenfeldt 2021 {published data only}
    1. Alberts JL, Penko AL, Rosenfeldt A, Zimmerman NM. Results from the randomized controlled trial cyclical lower extremity exercise (CYCLE) trial for Parkinson's disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2018;50:372.
    1. NCT01636297. The cyclical lower-extremity exercise for Parkinson's trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01636297 (first received 10 July 2012).
    1. Penko AL, Zimmerman NM, Crawford M, Linder SM, Alberts JL. Effect of aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary responses and predictors of change in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2021;102(5):925-31. - PubMed
    1. Rosenfeldt AB, Koop MM, Fernandez HH, Alberts JL. High intensity aerobic exercise improves information processing and motor performance in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Experimental Brain Research 2021;239:777-86. - PubMed
Shen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Shen X, Mak MK. Balance and gait training with augmented feedback improves balance confidence in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2014;28(6):524-35. - PubMed
    1. Shen X, Mak MK. Technology-assisted balance and gait training reduces falls in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(2):103-11. - PubMed
Stozek 2017 {published data only}
    1. Stozek J, Rudzinska M, Staszczak-Gawelda I, Stenwak A, Swiatek K, Podsiadlo S, et al. The effect of dance and Nordic walking on balance, gait and motor function in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2017;32:972-3.
Swarnakar 2019 {published data only}
    1. Swarnakar R, Wadhwa S, Goyal V, Sreenivas V. Park-ease trial: a randomized controlled trial to study the efficacy of exercises in early-stage Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2019;34:S900. - PMC - PubMed
TCTR20180111003 {unpublished data only}TCTR20180111003
    1. TCTR20180111003. Effects of the square-stepping exercise on corticomotor excitability, balance and cognition in individuals with Parkinson's disease. thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20180111003 (first received 09 January 2018).
TCTR20180530004 {unpublished data only}TCTR20180530004
    1. TCTR20180530004. Establish the factors of predicting cognitive impairment and the effect of exercise intervention on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease. thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20180530004 (first received 30 May 2018).
Wang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wang YZ, Zhao H, Feng SC, Hou WJ, Zhang Y. Effect of water-based exercise on motor function, balance function and walking ability in patients with Parkinson's disease. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery 2017;17(5):346-51.
Zhu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zhu Y, Li JX, Li N, Jin HZ, Hua L, Dong Q. Effect of Taijiquan on motion control for Parkinson's disease at early stage. Zhong Guo Kang Fu Li Lun Yu Shi Jian [Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice] 2011;17(4):355-8.

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12617001057370 {unpublished data only}ACTRN12617001057370
    1. ACTRN12617001057370. The effect of a physiotherapy exercise program with a self-management approach vs usual care on physical activity in people with mild-moderate Parkinson’s disease: a randomised controlled trial. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12617001057370.aspx (first received 17 July 2017).
ACTRN12620001135909 {unpublished data only}ACTRN12620001135909
    1. ACTRN12620001135909. A randomised trial of exercise therapy for Parkinson’s disease (first received 2020). anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12620001135909.aspx (first received 21 August 2020).
Bevilacqua 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bevilacqua R, Maranesi E, Di Rosa M, Luzi R, Casoni E, Rinaldi N, et al. Rehabilitation of older people with Parkinson’s disease: an innovative protocol for RCT study to evaluate the potential of robotic-based technologies. BMC Neurology 2020;20:186. - PMC - PubMed
ChiCTR1900022621 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR1900022621
    1. ChiCTR1900022621. The effect of rehabilitation on physical function in patients with Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/com/25/showprojen.aspx?proj=34905 (first received 21 April 2019).
ChiCTR2000029025 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR2000029025
    1. ChiCTR2000029025. The effect of LSVT BIG treatment on motor and nonmontor symtoms [sic] in patients with Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=44830 (first received 11 January 2020).
ChiCTR2000029135 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR2000029135
    1. ChiCTR2000029135. Effects of innovative tai chi on motor symptoms in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=48394 (first received 15 January 2020).
ChiCTR2000036306 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR2000036306
    1. ChiCTR2000036306. A prospective cohort study of exercise rehabilitation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and its mechanism. chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=58856 (first received 22 August 2020).
ChiCTR2000037178 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR2000037178
    1. ChiCTR2000037178. A prospective clinical study of innovative Wuqinxi exercise intervention in delaying the occurrence of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=60001 (first received 27 August 2020).
ChiCTR2000037305 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR2000037305
    1. ChiCTR2000037305. A randomized controlled study of multifactorial interventions to prevent early cognitive decline in elderly people. chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=60460 (first received 27 August 2020).
ChiCTR2000037384 {unpublished data only}ChiCTR2000037384
    1. ChiCTR2000037384. A clinical study of innovative Wuqinxi exercise therapy delaying the occurrence of motor complications of Parkinson's disease. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=60280 (first received 28 August 2020).
CTRI/2018/05/014241 {unpublished data only}CTRI/2018/05/014241
    1. CTRI/2018/05/014241. A clinical trial to study the effect of exercises in early stage Parkinsons disease. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=23331 (first received 30 May 2018).
CTRI/2019/06/019618 {unpublished data only}CTRI/2019/06/019618
    1. CTRI/2019/06/019618. Benefits of yoga on daily activities and quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease. trialsearch.who.int/?TrialID=CTRI/2019/06/019618 (first received 2019).
CTRI/2020/06/025794 {unpublished data only}CTRI/2020/06/025794
    1. CTRI/2020/06/025794. Consequence of Pilates on imbalance, movability and core stability in patients with Parkinson disease. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=37645 (first received 10 June 2020).
DRKS00018841 {unpublished data only}DRKS00018841
    1. DRKS00018841. Therapeutic influence of treadmill therapy vs. physiotherapy without treadmill in dual-task-behavior while walking in Parkinson’s patients [Therapeutischer Einfluss von Laufbandtherapie vs. Physiotherapie ohne Laufband auf das Dual-Task-Verhalten während des Gehens bei Parkinsonpatienten]. drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS000188411 (first received 23 October 2019).
Gooßes 2020 {published data only}DRKS00017687
    1. DRKS00017687. Music-assisted treadmill training in the therapy of Parkinson's disease [Musik-unterstütztes Laufbandtraining in der Parkinsontherapie]. drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00017687 (first received 25 September 2019).
    1. Gooßes M, Saliger J, Folkerts AK, Nielsen J, Zierer J, Schmoll P, et al. Feasibility of music-assisted treadmill training in Parkinson's disease patients with and without deep brain stimulation: insights from an ongoing pilot randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Neurology 2020 Sep 4 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00790] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hackney 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hackney ME, Bay AA, Jackson JM, Nocera JR, Krishnamurthy V, Crosson B, et al. Rationale and design of the PAIRED Trial: partnered dance aerobic exercise as a neuroprotective, motor, and cognitive intervention in Parkinson's disease. Frontiers in Neurology 2020;11:943. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2021 {published data only}
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    1. Mayoral-Moreno A, Chimpén-López CA, Rodríguez-Santos L, Ramos-Fuentes MI, Vaz-Leal FJ, Moral MA, et al. Falls prevention and quality of life improvement by square stepping exercise in people with Parkinson’s disease: project report. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2021;11(5):361. - PMC - PubMed
NCT02457832 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02457832. Motor training in PD. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02457832 (first received 29 May 2015).
NCT03244813 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03244813. Evaluation of the impact of a personalized program of adapted physical activates [sic] in patients with Parkinson disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03244813 (first received 10 August 2017).
NCT03343574 {published data only}
    1. NCT03343574. Cardiovascular effects of exercise in patients with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03343574 (first received 17 November 2017).
NCT03560089 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03560089. Serious games rehabilitation programme to treat gait and balance disorders in PD patients (PARKGAME-II). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03560089 (first received 18 June 2018).
NCT03563807 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03563807. Golf instruction versus tai chi for people with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03563807 (first received 20 June 2018).
NCT03582371 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03582371. Aqua stand-up paddle balance effect in Parkinson's disease (AquaSUP PARK). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03582371 (first received 11 July 2018).
NCT03711955 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03711955. Comparing the effects of instability resistance training versus aerobic training on cognitive and motor improvements found in Parkinson's disease participants. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03711955 (first received 19 October 2018).
NCT03751371 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03751371. Robotic walking device to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03751371 (first received 23 November 2018).
NCT03833349 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03833349. The impact of three distinct exercise types on fatigue, anxiety, and depression in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03833349 (first received 07 February 2019).
NCT03860649 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03860649. Effects of different physical therapies and dance in people with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03860649 (first received 04 March 2019).
NCT03882879 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03882879. Kick out Parkinson's disease 2. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03882879 (first received 20 March 2019).
NCT03960931 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03960931. Interest of hydrophysiotherapy care in Parkinson disease's motor and non-motor symptoms (THERMAPARK). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03960931 (first received 23 May 2019).
NCT03972969 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03972969. Highly challenging balance program to reduce fall rate in PD. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03972969 (first received 04 June 2019).
NCT03974529 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03974529. Intensive running exercise improves Parkinson's motor and non-motor symptoms. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03974529 (first received 05 June 2019).
NCT03983785 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03983785. The effect of Pilates and elastic taping on balance and postural control in early Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03983785 (first received 12 June 2019).
NCT04000360 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04000360. Pragmatic cyclical lower extremity exercise trial for Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04000360 (first received 27 June 2019).
NCT04046276 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04046276. Intensity of aerobic training and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease (AEROPROTECT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04046276 (first received 06 August 2019).
NCT04063605 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04063605. The effect of clinical Pilates training on balance and postural control of people with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04063605 (first received 21 August 2019).
NCT04122690 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04122690. Partnered dance aerobic exercise as a neuroprotective, motor and cognitive intervention in Parkinson's disease (PDAE in PD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04122690 (first received 10 October 2019).
NCT04135924 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04135924. Influence of trainning [sic] in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04135924 (first received 23 October 2019).
NCT04194762 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04194762. PARK-FIT. Treadmill vs cycling in Parkinson's disease. Definition of the most effective model in gait reeducation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04194762 (first received 11 December 2019).
NCT04215900 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04215900. High-speed yoga and executive function. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04215900 (first received 02 January 2020).
NCT04379778 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04379778. Aerobic exercise and brain health in Parkinson's. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04379778 (first received 07 May 2020).
NCT04558879 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04558879. Exercise and sleep in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04558879 (first received 22 September 2020).
NCT04613141 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04613141. The WalkingTall study: comparing WalkingTall with Parkinson's disease (WalkingTall-PD) with mobility-plus to reduce falls and improve mobility (WalkingTall-PD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04613141 (first received 03 November 2020).
NCT04644367 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04644367. Effects of a biomechanical-based tai chi program on gait and posture in people with Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04644367 (first received 25 November 2020).
NCT04665869 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04665869. Long-term effects of combined balance and brisk walking in Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04665869 (first received 14 December 2020).
NCT04699617 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04699617. The feasibility and efficacy of an immersive virtual reality software in Parkinson's disease patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04699617 (first received 07 January 2021).
NCT04863118 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04863118. Acute effects of strength training and high intensity training on functional and biochemical measurements of individuals with Parkinson's disease in different environments and depths. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04863118 (first received 28 April 2021).
NCT04872153 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04872153. Exergames in in-patient rehabilitation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04872153 (first received 04 May 2021).
NCT04878679 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04878679. Effect of WB-EMS on Parkinson's disease. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04878679 (first received 07 May 2021).
RBR‐26kn3b {unpublished data only}RBR‐26kn3b
    1. RBR-26kn3b. Comparison between training of upper limb respiratory and peripheral resistance on the respiratory function of patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized clinical trial. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-26kn3b (first received 21 November 2019).
RBR‐277fqv {unpublished data only}RBR‐277fqv
    1. RBR-277fqv. Effects of physical training with exergames on the respiratory function and on the balance of individuals with Parkinson's disease. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-277fqv (first received 13 April 2018).
RBR‐5r5dhf {unpublished data only}RBR‐5r5dhf
    1. RBR-5r5dhf. Effectiveness of virtual reality, augmented reality and neurofunctional physiotherapy in postural control and cognition of individuals with Parkinson disease. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5r5dhf (first received 30 November 2018).
RBR‐5yjyr7 {published data only}RBR‐5yjyr7
    1. RBR-5yjyr7. Parkinson's disease and physiotherapy: analysis of the impact of intervention programs with terrestrial and aquatic physical activities - FisioPark. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5yjyr7 (first received 11 September 2020).
RBR‐74683n {unpublished data only}RBR‐74683n
    1. RBR-74683n. Efficacy of aerobic training in immunological and neurotrophic parameters and in clinical measures in subjects with Parkinson's disease: a randomized clinical trial. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-74683n (first received 26 February 2019).
RBR‐8s5v5f {unpublished data only}RBR‐8s5v5f
    1. RBR-8s5v5f. Comparison between the effects of neuromuscular training and video game rehabilitation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease patients. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8s5v5f (first received 09 October 2019).
RBR‐9v7gj4 {unpublished data only}RBR‐9v7gj4
    1. RBR-9v7gj4. The impact of adapted functional training and the solo Pilates method on motor and non-motor symptoms of individuals with Parkinson's disease. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-9v7gj4 (first received 29 September 2020).
TCTR20201009001 {unpublished data only}TCTR20201009001
    1. TCTR20201009001. Effects of mindful walking meditation on gait, balance and disease severity in patients with Parkinson disease. thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20201009001 (first received 07 October 2020).

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