Epidemiological distribution of respiratory viral pathogens in marketable vaccinated broiler chickens in five governorates in the Nile Delta, Egypt, from January 2022 to October 2022

Abstract

Background and aim: Respiratory viral infections significantly negatively impact animal welfare and have significant financial implications in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the frequency of the most economically relevant respiratory viruses that circulated in Egyptian chicken flocks in 2022.

Materials and methods: Chickens from 359 broiler flocks in five different Egyptian governorates in the Nile Delta (Beheira, Gharbia, Giza, Monufiya, and Qalyoubia) at marketing time (33-38 days of age) were used in this study. Combined oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue samples were collected from clinically diseased or freshly dead birds suffering from respiratory disease. Avian influenza (AI)-H5, AI-H9, Newcastle disease (ND), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Of the 359 flocks examined, 293 tested positive, whereas 66 were completely negative for the four viruses evaluated, with the highest positive results in Beheira. Out of 293 positive flocks, 211 were positive for a single virus, with Beheira having the highest rate, followed by Qalyoubia, Giza, and Monufiya. ND virus (NDV) was found to be the highest across all governorates, followed by IBV, AI-H9, and AI-H5. A double infection was detected in 73 flocks with either H9 or ND, or both H9 and IB could coinfect each other. The most common viral coinfections were H9 + IB, ND + IB, and ND + H9. Giza had the highest prevalence of ND + H9, H9 + IB, and ND + IB coinfection in the governorates, followed by Monufiya and Beheira. Only six out of 359 flocks were tribally infected with ND + H9 + IB in Giza, Monufiya, and Beheira governorates. On the basis of the number of flocks and the month of the year, July had the lowest number of flocks (23), while September and October had the highest number (48 flocks). Positive flock numbers were highest in October and lowest in January.

Conclusion: From January to October 2022, prevalent respiratory viral infections (H5N1, NDV, H9N2, and IBV) were detected in broiler chickens across the Delta area governorate, according to the findings of the present study. In addition, IBV and H9, either alone or in combination, significantly contributed to the respiratory infection observed in broiler chickens. Regardless of the type and origin of the vaccine used, it is not possible to protect broiler chickens from the development of the infection and the subsequent dissemination of the virus into the poultry environment. In the presence of face-infectious field virus mutations, poultry vaccinations must be regularly reviewed and updated, and poultry farms must take further biosecurity measures.

Keywords: Egypt; Newcastle disease; avian influenza virus; chicken; infectious bronchitis; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; subtype H5 and H9.

Figure-1

Geographic distribution and cumulative number of poultry sampled in different governorates of the Delta region in Egypt during 2022. Pie charts depict the number of samples collected from each governorate [Source: Map was adapted from PresentationGO.com – The free PowerPoint and Google Slides template library].

Figure-2

Overall frequency of positive and negative samples evaluated across five different Egyptian governorates during 2022.

Figure-3

Summary of different infections (single, combined, and negative) of H5, H9, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus in each governorate.

Figure-4

Single infections pie charts of H5, H9, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus in each governorate.

Figure-5

Overall frequency of double and triple respiratory infection detected in the affected flocks. The frequencies were calculated relative to the total number of isolates (n = 359). The data were presented as numbers in each governorate (a) and percentage (b).

Figure-6

Seasonal distribution of positive and negative samples in the affected flocks. The data were presented as numbers in each month in all examined governorates (a) and percentage (b).