Teaching through their eyes: effects on optometry teachers' adaptivity and students' learning when teachers see students' gaze

Abstract

Adaptive teacher support fosters effective learning in one-to-one teaching sessions, which are a common way of learning complex visual tasks in the health sciences. Adaptive support is tailored to student needs, and this is difficult in complex visual tasks as visual problem-solving processes are covert and thus cannot be directly observed by the teacher. Eye-tracking apparatus can measure covert processes and make them visible in gaze displays: visualizations of where a student looks while executing a task. We investigate whether live dynamic gaze displays help teachers in being more adaptive to students' needs when teaching optical coherence tomography interpretation in one-to-one teaching sessions and whether this fosters learning. Forty-nine students and 10 teachers participated in a one-to-one teaching session in clinical optometry. In the control condition, teachers saw the learning task of the student and could discuss it with them, whereas in the gaze-display condition, teachers could additionally see where the student looked. After the 15-minute teaching session, a test was administered to examine achievement. Furthermore, students filled in the 'questionnaire on teacher support adaptivity', and teachers rated how adaptive their support was. Bayesian analyses provide some initial evidence that students did not experience support to be more adaptive in the gaze-display condition versus the control condition, nor were their post-test scores higher. Teachers rated their provided support as being more adaptive in the gaze-display versus the control condition. Further research could investigate if live dynamic gaze displays impact adaptive teaching when used over longer periods or with more teacher training.

Keywords: Adaptive teaching; Eye tracking; Optical coherence tomography; Optometry; Student-to-teacher gaze displays; Teacher support adaptivity.

Fig. 1

Example of an OCT Image of a Normal Retina. Note (1) Fundus photograph (2) OCT image: The circle represents the gaze location of a student looking at the OCT image

Fig. 2

Experimental Set-Up of the Present Study. Note (1) The student is sitting behind the laptop with the mobile eye-tracker and a desk with a forehead rest attached. (2) The teacher sits behind a screen that displays what the student sees either with (gaze-display condition) gaze display or without (control condition) gaze display visible. (3) Experimenter desk