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. 2025 Feb;34(1):e1897.
doi: 10.1002/jgc4.1897. Epub 2024 Apr 12.

Parental questions about sex chromosome aneuploidies regarding sex, gender, and sexual orientation as reported by genetic counselors in a prenatal setting

Sarah Burzynski  1   2 , Jaqueline Leonard  3 , Jenna Plamondon Albrecht  4 , Lauren E Doyle  1 , Rachel Mills  1
Affiliations

Parental questions about sex chromosome aneuploidies regarding sex, gender, and sexual orientation as reported by genetic counselors in a prenatal setting

Sarah Burzynski et al. J Genet Couns. 2025 Feb.

Abstract

The introduction of cell-free DNA screening has resulted in increased prenatal identification of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). This study aimed to evaluate genetic counselor experiences disclosing SCAs positive prenatal screening or testing results and genetic counselor-reported parental questions regarding sex, gender, and sexual orientation. Forty-eight prenatal genetic counselors completed the survey. When asked to quantify their experiences, 97.9% of counselors reported disclosing a SCAs positive screen result within the previous year, and 81.3% disclosed a diagnostic result. Of those counselors, 53.8% reported always or often receiving parental questions about sex, 33% always or often about gender, and 25% always or often regarding sexual orientation. Counselors were asked to share examples of parental questions following a positive screen or diagnostic testing for SCAs. Parental questions were stratified by karyotype and content analysis revealed questions about the fetus' sex, anatomy, reproduction, being cisgender, gender expression, behavior, being transgender, and sexual orientation. The examples of parental questions provided by genetic counselors suggested some parents may have misconceptions about the intersection of SCAs with sex, gender, and sexual orientation following prenatal screening or diagnostic testing. The majority of counselors (83.3%) agreed to some extent that they desired further education on responding to parental questions about SCAs. Findings from this research suggest a need for genetic counseling strategies that accurately and respectfully discuss SCAs in the context of sex, gender, and sexual orientation with prenatal patients.

Keywords: genetic counseling; genetic counselors; parents; prenatal diagnosis; prenatal genetic counseling; sex chromosome aneuploidies.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
How often respondants received questions about sex, gender, and sexual orientation across all SCA disclosures.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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