Fate of disposable face masks in high-solids anaerobic digestion: Experimental observations and review of potential environmental implications

Abstract

Face masks became a part of our daily life amid the global COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Most of the face masks are made for single-use and primarily disposed of in garbage bins with other non-recyclable wastes. To date, little is known about how disposable face masks in municipal solid waste (MSW) would interfere with high-solids anaerobic digestion (HSAD) in waste management facilities. Here, we first report preliminary results from a lab experiment conducted with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) amended with used disposable face masks. The lab-scale HSAD systems were operated with percolate recirculation comparable to commercial HSAD systems typically used for full-scale processing of OFMSW. The results suggested that the presence of face masks in OFMSW could negatively affect methane productivity and kinetics. In the digesters amended with face masks, total cumulative methane production decreased by up to 18%, along with a 12-29% decrease in maximum methane production rates than the control digester (without face masks). Moreover, lag phases increased by 7-14%. The results also suggested that the type of polymeric materials used in face masks would be more critical than their total number/loading in the digester, which warrants further investigation. The visual inspection of digestate showed that the face masks were mostly undegraded after 40 days of operation. Much remains unknown about how the undegraded face masks will affect the digestate management practices, such as composting, land application, and landfilling. However, the review of existing literature suggested that they can be a potential source of plastic and microplastic pollution and amplify transmission of antibiotic resistance genes to the ecosystem. In summary, this study underscores the importance of developing safe and reliable disposal guidelines and management plans for single-use face masks.

Keywords: COVID-19; Disposable face mask; High-solids anaerobic digestion; Organic fraction of municipal solid waste; SARS-CoV-2; Waste management.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Photographs of (a) organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), (b) biosolids, (c) lab-scale HSAD systems consisting of the digester and percolate tanks, (d) interior of the digester tank with stainless mesh plate in the base separating its upper and bottom sections, and (e) disposable face masks mixed with OFMSW and biosolids for loading in digester tanks.

Fig. 2

(a) Daily, and (b) cumulative methane production from the control and test digesters.

Fig. 3

Photographs showing undegraded face masks in the digestate collected after 40 days of operation of test reactors: (a) T1, and (b) T2.

Fig. 4

A conceptual representation of how face masks in digestate can amplify transmission of ARGs to the environment through landfilling and land application of digestate.