Recent advances of nanoparticles on bone tissue engineering and bone cells

Abstract

With the development of biotechnology, biomaterials have been rapidly developed and shown great potential in bone regeneration therapy and bone tissue engineering. Nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researches and have applied in various fields especially in the biomedical field as the special physicochemical properties. Nanoparticles were found to regulate bone remodeling depending on their size, shape, composition, and charge. Therefore, in-depth research was necessary to provide the basic support to select the most suitable nanoparticles for bone relate diseases treatment. This article reviews the current development of nanoparticles in bone tissue engineering, focusing on drug delivery, gene delivery, and cell labeling. In addition, the research progress on the interaction of nanoparticles with bone cells, focusing on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the underlying mechanism were also reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions are discussed. Thus, detailed study of nanoparticles may reveal new therapeutic strategies to improve the effectiveness of bone regeneration therapy or other bone diseases.

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the effects of NPs on different type of bone diseases, and the applications of NPs in bone regeneration as drug/gene delivery, and cell labeling/imaging (MRI).

Fig. 2. Long-term tracking of implanted MSCs labeled by NPs in tibial bone defect during bone repair. (A) Schematic of NPs labeling and MSC transplantation, (B) quantitative analysis of areas of interest, (C) fluorescence intensity analysis of defect area, (D) implanted cells (fNP in the defect) on PSD 3, 7, and 10 were observed by confocal microscopy, and (E) the number of MSCs from (C) at each time point. Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2022, Stem Cell Reports.

Fig. 3. Potential mechanism of the effects of NPs on bone cell. (a and b) Schematic illustration of NPs facilitated osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs and osteoblasts. Classical MAPK, BMP-2/Smad, PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β-β-catenin, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways are activated by NPs. Therefore, transcription of downstream osteogenesis-related gene is significantly promoted, resulting in enhanced osteogenic differentiation. (c) Schematic illustration of NPs attenuated osteoclastic differentiation in osteoclast. NPs upregulated p62 expression which result in recruitment of CYLD and increased deubiquitination of TRAF6, and suppression the activation of RANKL-induced downstream signaling pathway as MAPK and NF-κB. Thus, transcription of downstream osteoclastogenesis-related genes was markedly inhibited, resulting in reduced osteoclastic differentiation.

Gejing Zhang

Peng Shang