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. 2024 Mar 21;8(4):102143.
doi: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102143. eCollection 2024 Apr.

Sodium Intake and Sodium to Potassium Ratio among New York City Adults in the 2018 Heart Follow-Up Study

Christine Dominianni  1 , Divya Prasad  1 , Andrea Sharkey  1 , Elizabeth Solomon  1 , Amber Levanon Seligson  2 , John P Jasek  1
Affiliations

Sodium Intake and Sodium to Potassium Ratio among New York City Adults in the 2018 Heart Follow-Up Study

Christine Dominianni et al. Curr Dev Nutr. .

Abstract

Background: High sodium and low potassium intake are positively associated with blood pressure, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The mean intake of sodium among United States adults exceeds the chronic disease risk reduction level of 2300 mg/d, whereas potassium intake remains lower than the recommended levels. From 2008 through 2019, there were several local and national initiatives to reduce sodium in New York City (NYC).

Objectives: We aimed to update and compare estimates of sodium intake among NYC adults overall and by covariates from the 2010 Heart Follow-Up Study (HFUS) with the 2018 HFUS. We also estimated the 2018 sodium-to-potassium ratio to understand overall diet quality among demographic groups.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used sodium and potassium measurements from 24-h urine collection and self-reported data from 2509 and 1656 participants in the 2018 and 2010 HFUS, respectively. The weighted mean daily intake of sodium and the sodium-to-potassium ratio were estimated. T-tests and multivariable linear regression models with tests for interactions were used to compare changes in sodium intake.

Results: The mean sodium intake of adult New Yorkers in 2018 was 3292 mg/d. Sodium intake did not change from 2010 (3234 mg/d, P = 0.45) to 2018 in the overall population, although there was a decrease in sodium intake among adults 18-24 y old (3445 mg/d to 2957 mg/d, P = 0.05). The daily mean sodium-to-potassium ratio was 1.7 mg/mg. The highest sodium-to-potassium ratios were among Black females 18-44 y old (2.0) and 45-64 y old (2.2) and Black (2.1) and Latino (2.1) males between 18 and 44 y old.

Conclusions: The lack of population-level changes in sodium intake and the high sodium-to-potassium ratios among Black females and younger Black and Latino males suggest that further efforts to reduce sodium in the food supply and address persistent inequities are needed.

Keywords: access to healthy food; diet quality; potassium; sodium; sodium reduction initiatives.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Weighted mean (SE) sodium intake and weighted mean sodium to potassium ratio among NYC adults (≥18 y old) by race and ethnicity, age, and sex in the NYC Heart Follow-Up Study, 2018.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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