Response of antioxidation and immunity to combined influences of pH and ammonia nitrogen in the spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata)

Abstract

Spotted babylon were exposed to three different pH levels (7.0, 8.0 and 9.0) and four different concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (0.02, 1.02, 5.10 and 10.20 mg/L) in seawater to determine their acute toxicity and physiological responses to environmental fluctuation. The study evaluated four antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), alkaline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and two immunoenzymes: acid phosphatase (ACP) and phosphatase (AKP). Over time, the immunoenzyme activity was significantly affected by pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration. After being exposed to pH and ammonia nitrogen, the spotted babylon showed signs of unresponsiveness to external stimuli, reduced vitality, slow movement, and an inability to maintain an upright position. Over time, the spotted babylon exhibited a trend of increasing and then decreasing GSH-PX, CAT, and SOD activities to adapt to the changing environment and enhance its immunity. On the contrary, the POD and ACP activities exhibited a decreasing trend initially, followed by an increasing trend over time and the AKP activity showed a gradual increase with time. The combined effect of pH and ammonia was found to be stronger than the effect of either factor alone. The interaction between pH and ammonia increased the activity of the spotted babylon antioxidant enzymes, induced oxidative stress, and reduced the ability of the spotted babylon's non-specific immune system to reverse it. Thus, the reverse-back of the spotted babylon was higher when pH and ammonia stress were dual than when pH or ammonia were single-factor stresses. The study results will establish a theoretical basis for analyzing the risk of multiple factors to the spotted babylon, and also enrich the basic information about the shellfish immune system.

Keywords: Alkalinity; Anti-oxidation; Babylonia areolata; Behavior; Immunize; NH4Cl.

Fig. 1

Influence on ACP activity of spotted babylon by pH and ammonia nitrogen stress. An orange colour indicates a pH of 7.0, a grey colour indicates a pH of 8.0 and a dark green colour indicates a pH of 9.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2

Influence on AKP activity of spotted babylon by pH and ammonia nitrogen stress. An orange colour indicates a pH of 7.0, a grey colour indicates a pH of 8.0 and a dark green colour indicates a pH of 9.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3

Influence on POD activity of spotted babylon by pH and ammonia nitrogen stress. An orange colour indicates a pH of 7.0, a grey colour indicates a pH of 8.0 and a dark green colour indicates a pH of 9.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4

Influence on GSH-PX activity of spotted babylon by pH and ammonia nitrogen stress. An orange colour indicates a pH of 7.0, a grey colour indicates a pH of 8.0 and a dark green colour indicates a pH of 9.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5

Influence on SOD activity of spotted babylon by pH and ammonia nitrogen stress. An orange colour indicates a pH of 7.0, a grey colour indicates a pH of 8.0 and a dark green colour indicates a pH of 9.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6

Influence on CAT activity of spotted babylon by pH and ammonia nitrogen stress. An orange colour indicates a pH of 7.0, a grey colour indicates a pH of 8.0 and a dark green colour indicates a pH of 9.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)