Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Mar 12;9(1):21.
doi: 10.1186/s40643-022-00509-3.

Sc-CO2 extraction of fish and fish by-products in the production of fish oil and enzyme

Nur Anati Jamalluddin  1 , Normah Ismail  1 , Siti Roha Ab Mutalib  1 , Adi Md Sikin  2
Affiliations
Review

Sc-CO2 extraction of fish and fish by-products in the production of fish oil and enzyme

Nur Anati Jamalluddin et al. Bioresour Bioprocess. .

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) is an alternative tool to extract lipid for the production of fish oil and enzyme from fish by-products (FBPs). In the application of Sc-CO2, this review covers sample preparation, lipid extraction operation, and characterization of fish oil and enzyme as final products. Generally, the fish samples with moisture content less than 20% and particle size less than 5 mm are considered before lipid extraction with Sc-CO2. Sc-CO2 parameters, such as pressure (P), temperature (T), extraction time (text), and flow rate (F), for simultaneous recovery of fish oil, protein, and enzyme were found to be less severe (P: 10.3-25 MPa; T: 25-45 °C, text: 20-150 min; F: 3-50 g/min) than the extraction of fish oil alone (P: 10-40 Mpa; T: 35-80 °C; text: 30-360 min; F: 1-3000 g/min). The enzyme from the Sc-CO2 defatted sample showed higher activity up to 45 U/mg due to lower denaturation of protein as compared to the organic solvent treated sample albeit both samples having similar pH (6-10) and temperature stability (20-60 °C). Overall, mild extraction of lipid from FBPs using Sc-CO2 is effective for the production of enzymes suitable in various industrial applications. Also, fish oil as a result of extraction can be produced as a health product with high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low contamination of heavy metals.

Keywords: Defatted; Digestive enzymes; Fish by-products; Fish oil; Protein; Sc-CO2.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig.1
Fig.1
Published journal articles related to Sc-CO2, fish oil, recovery of protein, and enzymes from FBP
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of the Sc-CO2 for the simultaneous production of fish oil and enzyme recovery
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A process flow diagram for the sample preparation of FBP prior to Sc-CO2
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Abe K, Yuan C, Kumagai Y, Kishimura H. The potential of freshwater fish viscus from silver carp hypophthalmichthys molitrix for trypsin source. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2020;11:3971–3978. doi: 10.1007/s12649-019-00717-7. - DOI
    1. Adeoti IA, Hawboldt K. A review of lipid extraction from fish processing by-product for use as a biofuel. Biomass Bioenerg. 2014;63:330–340. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.02.011. - DOI
    1. Ahmed R, Haq M, Cho YJ, Chun BS. Quality evaluation of oil recovered from by-products of bigeye tuna using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Turkish J Fish Aquat Sci. 2017;17:663–672. doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v17_4_02. - DOI
    1. Alfio VG, Manzo C, Micillo R. From fish waste to value: an overview of the sustainable recovery of omega-3 for food supplements. Molecules. 2021;26:1002. doi: 10.3390/molecules26041002. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ali-Nehari A, Kim SB, Lee YB, Chun BS. Digestive enzymes characterization of krill (Euphausia superba) residues deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvents. J Ind Eng Chem. 2012;18:1314–1319. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.01.026. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources