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Review
. 2022 Mar 12;9(1):21.
doi: 10.1186/s40643-022-00509-3.

Sc-CO2 extraction of fish and fish by-products in the production of fish oil and enzyme

Nur Anati Jamalluddin  1 , Normah Ismail  1 , Siti Roha Ab Mutalib  1 , Adi Md Sikin  2
Affiliations
Review

Sc-CO2 extraction of fish and fish by-products in the production of fish oil and enzyme

Nur Anati Jamalluddin et al. Bioresour Bioprocess. .

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) is an alternative tool to extract lipid for the production of fish oil and enzyme from fish by-products (FBPs). In the application of Sc-CO2, this review covers sample preparation, lipid extraction operation, and characterization of fish oil and enzyme as final products. Generally, the fish samples with moisture content less than 20% and particle size less than 5 mm are considered before lipid extraction with Sc-CO2. Sc-CO2 parameters, such as pressure (P), temperature (T), extraction time (text), and flow rate (F), for simultaneous recovery of fish oil, protein, and enzyme were found to be less severe (P: 10.3-25 MPa; T: 25-45 °C, text: 20-150 min; F: 3-50 g/min) than the extraction of fish oil alone (P: 10-40 Mpa; T: 35-80 °C; text: 30-360 min; F: 1-3000 g/min). The enzyme from the Sc-CO2 defatted sample showed higher activity up to 45 U/mg due to lower denaturation of protein as compared to the organic solvent treated sample albeit both samples having similar pH (6-10) and temperature stability (20-60 °C). Overall, mild extraction of lipid from FBPs using Sc-CO2 is effective for the production of enzymes suitable in various industrial applications. Also, fish oil as a result of extraction can be produced as a health product with high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low contamination of heavy metals.

Keywords: Defatted; Digestive enzymes; Fish by-products; Fish oil; Protein; Sc-CO2.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig.1
Fig.1
Published journal articles related to Sc-CO2, fish oil, recovery of protein, and enzymes from FBP
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of the Sc-CO2 for the simultaneous production of fish oil and enzyme recovery
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A process flow diagram for the sample preparation of FBP prior to Sc-CO2
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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