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. 2024 Sep;38(7):1048-1067.
doi: 10.1177/08901171241238554. Epub 2024 Apr 22.

Process Evaluations of Diabetes Self-Management Programs: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Chinelo Nsobundu  1   2 , Yeka W Nmadu  3 , Nikita Sandeep Wagle  4 , Margaret J Foster  5 , Ellisa Lisako Jones McKyer  6 , Ledric Sherman  7 , Marcia G Ory  8 , James Jim N Burdine  9
Affiliations

Process Evaluations of Diabetes Self-Management Programs: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Chinelo Nsobundu et al. Am J Health Promot. 2024 Sep.

Abstract

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of process evaluations (PEs) of diabetes self-management programs (DSMPs).

Data source: An electronic search using Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (Ensco), Academic Search (Ebsco), and APA PsycInfo (Ebsco).

Study inclusion and exclusion criteria: Peer-reviewed, empirical quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method studies were included if they (1) were a traditional, group-based DSMP, (2) involved adults at least 18 years with T1DM or T2DM, (3) were a stand-alone or embedded PE, and (4) published in English.

Data extraction: The following process evaluation outcomes were extracted: fidelity, dose delivered, dose received, reach, recruitment, retention, and context. Additional items were extracted, (eg, process evaluation type, data collection methods; theories; frameworks or conceptual models used to guide the process evaluation, and etc).

Data synthesis: Due to heterogeneity across studies, studies were synthesized qualitatively (narratively).

Results: Sixty-eight studies (k) in 78 articles (n) (k = 68; n = 78) were included. Most were mixed methods of low quality. Studies were typically integrated into outcome evaluations vs being stand-alone, lacked theoretical approaches to guide them, and incorporated limited outcomes such as dose received, reach, and retention.

Conclusion: Future research should 1) implement stand-alone theoretically grounded PE studies and 2) provide a shared understanding of standardized guidelines to conduct PEs. This will allow public health practitioners and researchers to assess and compare the quality of different programs to be implemented.

Keywords: diabetes; group-based programs; implementation; process evaluation; self-management; traditional.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews which included searches of databases and other sources only. From: Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71. For more information, visit: https://www.prisma-statement.org/
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