Warming effects on lizard gut microbiome depend on habitat connectivity

Abstract

Climate warming and landscape fragmentation are both factors well known to threaten biodiversity and to generate species responses and adaptation. However, the impact of warming and fragmentation interplay on organismal responses remains largely under-explored, especially when it comes to gut symbionts, which may play a key role in essential host functions and traits by extending its functional and genetic repertoire. Here, we experimentally examined the combined effects of climate warming and habitat connectivity on the gut bacterial communities of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) over three years. While the strength of effects varied over the years, we found that a 2°C warmer climate decreases lizard gut microbiome diversity in isolated habitats. However, enabling connectivity among habitats with warmer and cooler climates offset or even reversed warming effects. The warming effects and the association between host dispersal behaviour and microbiome diversity appear to be a potential driver of this interplay. This study suggests that preserving habitat connectivity will play a key role in mitigating climate change impacts, including the diversity of the gut microbiome, and calls for more studies combining multiple anthropogenic stressors when predicting the persistence of species and communities through global changes.

Keywords: climate change; dispersal; dispersal syndrome; gut microbiome; habitat connectivity; host–microbiome interactions.

Figure 1.

Gut diversity in each climate and habitat connectivity over time. Gut microbiota diversity, calculated as the exponential of Shannon index (exp(H)), in present-day and warm climates each year for isolated and connected mesocosms.

Figure 2.

Gut microbiota diversity, calculated as the exponential of Shannon index [exp(H)] depending on dispersal status and climate over the three experimental years. Residents of present-day and warm climates are respectively in blue and red, and dispersers are in purple.