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Review
. 2024 Apr 9:12:1376455.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1376455. eCollection 2024.

The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications

Zhen Tang  1 , Yao Lu  2 , Jiu-Long Dong  1 , Wen Wu  1 , Jian Li  1
Affiliations
Review

The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications

Zhen Tang et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), these minute yet mighty cellular messengers are redefining our understanding of a spectrum of diseases, from cancer to cardiovascular ailments, neurodegenerative disorders, and even infectious diseases like HIV. Central to cellular communication, EVs emerge as both potent facilitators and insightful biomarkers in immune response and the trajectory of disease progression. This review ventures deep into the realm of EVs in HIV-unraveling their pivotal roles in diagnosis, disease mechanism unravelling, and therapeutic innovation. With a focus on HIV, we will highlights the transformative potential of EVs in both diagnosing and treating this formidable virus. Unveiling the intricate dance between EVs and HIV, the review aims to shed light on novel therapeutic strategies that could significantly benefit HIV therapy, potentially even leading to the eradication of HIV.

Keywords: HIV; extracellular vesicles; infection; mechanisms; progression.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Extracellular vesicles participates in HIV transmission and replication, interaction with host machinery, immune response of HIV and have potent potential as biomarkers of diagnosis and therapeutic target.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Overview of HIV entry. To transport its viral components into cells, HIV Env, made up of gp120 and gp41 units (1). Initially adheres to the host cell by attaching to CD4 (2). This action triggers structural alterations in Env, facilitating the attachment to coreceptors, significantly influenced by the V3 loop of Env (3). This step activates the membrane merging process, as the fusion peptide of gp41 integrates into the target membrane, succeeded by the creation of a six-helix bundle and the completion of membrane fusion (4) (Wilen et al., 2012).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
HIV infection includes three stages which are called acute phase, clinical latency and AIDS phase.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Extracellular vesicles interact with HIV contributes to HIV transmission and replication in some ways.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
EVs act as biomarkers in diagnosis of prognosis of HIV.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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