The isolation of natural killer (NK)-resistant variants of the K562 cell line by mutagenesis and selection with antibodies which inhibit NK cell-mediated lysis

Abstract

Mechanisms involved in the lysis of tumor cells by natural killer (NK) cells were investigated by using mutagenized K562 targets resistant to the effects of NK cells. K562 cells were treated with the mutagen methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and, to select for resistant mutants, rabbit anti-idiotypic (anti-id) antibodies were used. This anti-id was raised to a monoclonal antibody 9.1C3 which itself blocked lysis by NK cells by binding to the effector cells; the anti-id inhibited killing by binding to the K562 targets, presumably to a cell surface protein relevant to a secondary event in the NK lytic pathway. MMS-derived mutants showed a heterogeneity of staining with the anti-id, allowing the antibody to be used with flow cytometry to select a population of K562 cells relatively negative in antigen expression. The degree of reactivity of K562 cultures with the anti-id antiserum and the resistance to lysis by NK cells were inversely related. Cultures of NK-resistant K562 cells with low expression of the anti-id structure were cloned by limiting dilution: 96 clones were analyzed and one subclone, C9/2, which was six-to sevenfold less sensitive to lysis than the parental K562 cell line, was used in further studies by cold target inhibition and single cell binding assays. The increased resistance to lysis of C9/2 was not due to a reduced expression of target recognition structures, and resistance could not be overcome by prolonging the time allowed for lysis to 18 hr nor by adding exogenous recombinant leukocyte interferon. Killing of the NK-resistant variant was inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate but not by the monoclonal antibody against which the anti-id antibody was raised. It is therefore suggested that the structure on the K562 cells recognized by the anti-id antibodies is a novel secondary receptor which is important in the later stages of the NK cell cytolytic cascade.