Longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles throughout adulthood and related characteristics: a 36-year follow-up study of the older Finnish Twin Cohort

Abstract

Background: Personalized interventions aiming to increase physical activity in individuals are effective. However, from a public health perspective, it would be important to stimulate physical activity in larger groups of people who share the vulnerability to be physically inactive throughout adulthood. To find these high-risk groups, we identified 36-year leisure-time physical activity profiles from young adulthood to late midlife in females and males. Moreover, we uncovered which anthropometric-, demographic-, lifestyle-, and health-related characteristics were associated with these physical activity profiles.

Methods: We included 2,778 females and 1,938 males from the population-based older Finnish Twin Cohort Study, who responded to health and behavior surveys at the mean ages of 24, 30, 40 and 60. Latent profile analysis was used to identify longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles.

Results: We found five longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles for both females and males. Females' profiles were: 1) Low increasing moderate (29%), 2) Moderate stable (23%), 3) Very low increasing low (20%), 4) Low stable (20%) and 5) High increasing high (9%). Males' profiles were: 1) Low increasing moderate (29%), 2) Low stable very low (26%), 3) Moderate decreasing low (21%), 4) High fluctuating high (17%) and 5) Very low stable (8%). In both females and males, lower leisure-time physical activity profiles were associated with lower education, higher body mass index, smoking, poorer perceived health, higher sedentary time, high blood pressure, and a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, lower leisure-time physical activity was linked to a higher risk of depression in females.

Conclusions: We found several longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles with unique changes in both sexes. Fewer profiles in females than in males remained or became low physically active during the 36-year follow-up. We observed that lower education, higher body mass index, and more smoking already in young adulthood were associated with low leisure-time physical activity profiles. However, the fact that several longitudinal profiles demonstrated a change in their physical activity behavior over time implies the potential for public health interventions to improve leisure-time physical activity levels.

Keywords: Exercise; Latent classes; Longitudinal; Sports; Working-age individuals.

Fig. 1

Longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles from young adulthood to late midlife in females and males. MET=metabolic equivalent of task

Fig. 2

Mean body mass index, percentages of individuals with high blood pressure and percentages of individuals with type 2 diabetes from young adulthood to late midlife by longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles. Left panels (F) represent females and right panels (M) males. BMI=body mass index; kg=kilogram; m=meter; T2D=type 2 diabetes

Fig. 3

Mean waist circumference, mean sedentary time and percentages of individuals with poor subjective health in late midlife (i.e., the last follow-up at age 60) by longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles. Left panels (F) represent females and right panels (M) males. cm=centimeter; h=hours

Fig. 4

Percentages of never, former and current smokers from young adulthood to late midlife by longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles. Left panels (F) represent females and right panels (M) males