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Review
. 2024 Apr 20;12(4):913.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12040913.

The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems

Maryam Golzardi  1 , Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić  1 , Jasmin Šutković  1 , Orkun Aydin  2 , Pinar Ünal-Aydın  2 , Tea Bećirević  3 , Elrashdy M Redwan  4   5   6 , Alberto Rubio-Casillas  7   8 , Vladimir N Uversky  9
Affiliations
Review

The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems

Maryam Golzardi et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Background: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a complicated disease that affects millions of people all over the world. Previous studies have shown that PASC impacts 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of which 50-70% are hospitalised. It has also been shown that 10-12% of those vaccinated against COVID-19 were affected by PASC and its complications. The severity and the later development of PASC symptoms are positively associated with the early intensity of the infection.

Results: The generated health complications caused by PASC involve a vast variety of organ systems. Patients affected by PASC have been diagnosed with neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. The cardiovascular system also has been involved and several diseases such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and coronary artery diseases were reported. Chronic hematological problems such as thrombotic endothelialitis and hypercoagulability were described as conditions that could increase the risk of clotting disorders and coagulopathy in PASC patients. Chest pain, breathlessness, and cough in PASC patients were associated with the respiratory system in long-COVID causing respiratory distress syndrome. The observed immune complications were notable, involving several diseases. The renal system also was impacted, which resulted in raising the risk of diseases such as thrombotic issues, fibrosis, and sepsis. Endocrine gland malfunction can lead to diabetes, thyroiditis, and male infertility. Symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite, and taste were also among reported observations due to several gastrointestinal disorders. Skin abnormalities might be an indication of infection and long-term implications such as persistent cutaneous complaints linked to PASC.

Conclusions: Long-COVID is a multidimensional syndrome with considerable public health implications, affecting several physiological systems and demanding thorough medical therapy, and more study to address its underlying causes and long-term effects is needed.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; long-COVID; organ systems.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Graphical representation of organ systems affected by long-COVID. The figure was created with BioRender.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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