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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2024 Apr 12;16(8):1152.
doi: 10.3390/nu16081152.

Home Meal Replacement Fortified with Eggshell Powder and Vitamin D Prevents Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study

Nam-Seok Joo  1 , So-Hui Shin  2 , Kyu-Nam Kim  1 , Seok-Hoon Lee  1 , Susie Jung  1 , Kyung-Jin Yeum  2
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Home Meal Replacement Fortified with Eggshell Powder and Vitamin D Prevents Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study

Nam-Seok Joo et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies have been ongoing problems in Koreans due to a lack of food sources of calcium and vitamin D. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years (n = 25) were randomly assigned to consume three home meal replacements (HMRs)/week with (treatment) and without (control) eggshell powder and vitamin D for 6 months. Additionally, subjects who agreed to continue the study consumed the same three HMRs/week for an additional 6 months in this randomized double-blind study. We confirmed the high compliance of the study participants by analyzing carotenoids, the bioactive substances of HMRs, in the blood. The treatment group consumed an additional 261 mg/d of calcium and 10.3 μg/d of vitamin D from the HMRs, thus meeting the recommended intakes of calcium and vitamin D for Koreans. As a result of consuming fortified HMRs for 6 months, the decline in femoral neck bone density was significantly reduced in the treatment group (p = 0.035). This study indicates that inexpensive eggshell powder may be a good source of calcium for populations with low consumption of milk and dairy products. Additionally, functional HMRs fortified with eggshell powder and vitamin D can be a good dietary strategy for bone health.

Keywords: bone mineral density; natural calcium; parathyroid hormone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study participant enrollment and study flow.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Calcium (A) and vitamin D (B) intake of study participants during the intervention period. Values are mean ± standard error and significant differences between groups were compared by non-parametric comparison using Mann–Whitney U test, *** p < 0.001. Calcium and vitamin D intake were determined by 3-day dietary records (two times on weekdays, one time on weekends). Study diets were analyzed by ICP-MS for calcium and LC-MS/MS for vitamin D.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Changes in serum lutein (A) and lycopene (B) concentrations of study participants during the intervention period. Values are mean ± standard error and significant differences from baseline were compared by non-parametric comparison using Mann–Whitney U test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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