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. 2024 Apr 22;15(1):90893.
doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v15.i1.90893.

Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein levels as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma and their correlation with radiological characteristics

Muhammad Ali Qadeer  1 , Zaigham Abbas  2 , Shaima Amjad  3 , Bushra Shahid  4 , Abeer Altaf  1 , Mehreen Siyal  1
Affiliations

Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein levels as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma and their correlation with radiological characteristics

Muhammad Ali Qadeer et al. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. .

Abstract

Background: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a commonly used biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is normal in up to one-third of patients.

Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP) alone and in combination with AFP.

Methods: In this study, 202 patients with radiologically proven HCC were enrolled, and their DCP and AFP levels were evaluated for their diagnostic performance.

Results: The mean age of the enrolled patients was 58.5 years; 72.0% were male. DCP was elevated in 86.6% (n = 175) of all patients, 100.0% (n = 74) of patients with portal vein thrombus, and 87.4% (n = 111) of patients with multicentric HCC. AFP was elevated in 64.3% (n = 130) of all the patients, 74% (n = 55) of the patients with portal vein thrombus, and 71.6% (n = 91) of the patients with multicentric HCC (P = 0.030, 0.001, and 0.015, respectively). In tumors less than 2 cm in size (n = 46), DCP was increased in 32 (69.5%) patients, and AFP was increased in 25 (54.3%) patients (P = 0.801). There was good pairing between DCP and AFP for HCCs of 2 cm size or larger (P < 0.001); however, the pairing among tumors < 2 cm size was not significant (P = 0.210). In 69 of the patients (34.1%), only one of the tumor markers was positive; DCP was elevated alone in 57/202 (28.2%) of all patients, and AFP alone was elevated in 12/202 (5.9%) of the patients. The areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) for tumors > 2 cm was 0.74 for DCP and 0.59 for AFP; combining both markers resulted in an AUROC of 0.73. For tumors < 2 cm, the AUROC was 0.25 for DCP and 0.40 for AFP.

Conclusion: DCP, as an individual marker, had a better diagnostic performance in many cases of HCC. Hence, DCP may replace AFP as the primary HCC biomarker.

Keywords: Alpha-fetoprotein; Biomarkers; Cirrhosis; Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Portal vein thrombus; Protein induced by vitamin K absence-II.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Correlation of Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) and alpha fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma patients using Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. P < 0.001. AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; PIVKA: protein induced by vitamin K absence-II also known as DCP.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Receiver operating characteristic curve. A and B: Receiver operating characteristic curve comparing the values of two hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers, des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin, and alpha fetoprotein alone (A) or in combination (B) in a tumour size of 2 cm or more. Pivka: Protein induced by vitamin K absence-II [same as des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP)]; afp: Alpha fetoprotein; combined: Combining DCP and AFP.
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